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out of the realm, if rty days, reckoning our justiciar, if we Said shall refer that and those five-andof the whole land, ely, by seizing our hey can, until reharmless our own and when redress ations toward us. obey the orders of all the aforeThe utmost of his every one who to swear. heir own accord

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Moreover, all trespasses occasioned by the s in the sixteenth year of our reign till the rest fully remitted to all, both clergy and laymen, as far as pertains to us. And, on this head made for them letters testimonial patent of bishop of Canterbury, of the lord Henry, a the bishops aforesaid, and of Master Pandulf and the concessions aforesaid.

LXIII. Wherefore it is our will, and w English Church be free, and that the men i hold all the aforesaid liberties, rights, and con ably, freely and quietly, fully and wholly, f heirs, of us and our heirs, in all respect and i aforesaid. An oath, moreover, has been tal as on the part of the barons, that all these c be kept in good faith and without evil intent. - the above-named and many others be meadow which is called Runnymede, betwee on the fifteenth day of June, in the seventee

mons, and ratified by the king. By Article VI Edward I nized the principle that no new or extraordinary taxes s be levied without the consent of Parliament. This articl often referred to in later times, especially by the parliame leaders who resisted the encroachments of the Stuarts.

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CONFIRMATION OF THE CHARTERS, 1297

I. Edward, by the grace of God, king of England, lord of Ire and duke of Aquitaine, to all those that these present letters hear or see, greeting. Know ye that we to the honor of God a holy Church, and to the profit of all our realm, have granted f and our heirs that the Great Charter of Liberties and the Ch of the Forest, which were made by common assent of all the r in the time of King Henry our father, shall be kept in every without breach.2 And we will that these same charters shall be under our seal to our justices, both to those of the forest and to rest, and to all sheriffs of shires, and to all our other officers, an all our cities throughout the realm, together with our writs in the w it shall be contained, that they cause the aforesaid charters to be lished and have it declared to the people that we have granted they shall be observed in all points, and that our justices, she mayors, and other officials, which under us have to administer laws of our land, shall allow the said charters in pleas before them

1 William Stubbs, Select Charters and Other Illustrations of English Cons tional History, pp. 492-493. Ninth Edition by H. W. C. Davis. Oxford, 1 Clarendon Press.

2 Henry III had granted a Charter of Liberties, embodying many of the pr sions of Magna Carta, and also a separate charter dealing with the forests.

IV. And that archbishops and bishops shall pronou tences of greater excommunication against all those that deed, or counsel shall go against the aforesaid charters, or tha point break or go against them. And that the said curses a year denounced and published by the prelates aforesaid. the same prelates or any of them be remiss in the denunciati said sentences, the archbishops of Canterbury and York for being, as is fitting, shall reprove them and constrain them that denunciation in form aforesaid.

V. And for so much as divers people of our realm are in the aids and mises which they have given to us beforetime our wars and other businesses, of their own grant and good-w soever they were made, might turn to a bondage to them a heirs, because they might be at another time found in the r so likewise the prises taken throughout the realm by our in our name; we have granted for us and our heirs that we sh draw such aids, mises, nor prises into a custom for anything been done heretofore or that may be found by roll or in a

manner.

VI. Moreover we have granted for us and our heirs, as archbishops, bishops, abbots, priors, and other folk of holy as also to earls, barons, and to all the community of the la for no business from henceforth will we take such manner mises, nor prises from our realm, but by the common asse the realm, and for the common profit thereof, saving the aids and prises due and accustomed.

VII. And for so much as the more part of the communit realm find themselves sore grieved with the maletote on wo is to wit, a toll of forty shillings for every sack of wool, and ha petition to us to release the same; we, at their requests, ha

pany gathered in the cabin of the vessel and signed document given below. The names of the forty-or are not mentioned by Governor Bradford, who wrote t of the settlement of Plymouth.

MAYFLOWER COMPACT, 1620

In the Name of God, Amen

We, whose names are underwritten, the loyal subje dread sovereign lord, King James, by the grace of God Britain, France, and Ireland, king, defender of the faith, et undertaken, for the glory of God and advancement of the faith and honor of our king and country, a voyage to plan colony in the northern parts of Virginia, do, by these solemnly and mutually, in the presence of God and one o covenant and combine ourselves together into a civil body our better ordering and preservation and furtherance of aforesaid; and, by virtue hereof, to enact, constitute, and f just and equal laws, ordinances, acts, constitutions, and of time to time, as shall be thought most meet and conveni general good of the colony, unto which we promise all due s and obedience. In witness whereof we have hereunder our names, at Cape Cod, the 11th of November, in the y reign of our sovereign lord, King James of England, F Ireland the eighteenth, and of Scotland the fifty-fourt Domini, 1620.

1 William Bradford, History of Plymouth Plantation, pp. 89-90. Charles Deane. Boston, 1856 (Massachusetts Historical Collections, vol. iii).

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