of a foot and a half long, which the Spaniards had driven in, in great numbers, on the road by which the invaders approached. The governor of Carthagena, Alonso Bravo, was taken sword in hand, by Captain Goring.

After remaining six weeks, and burning part of the town, they received 110,000 ducats as a ransom for the rest, and on the last day of March quitted the harbour, but returned again a few days afterwards, in consequence of a large ship which they had taken at Santo Domingo, and on board of which was great part of their plunder, springing a leak. After stopping about ten days, they proceeded to the west end of Cuba, and on the 13th of May made the coast of Florida, where they destroyed some Spanish settlements, and afterwards met Mr. Ralph Lane, with a party of Englishmen that had been sent to Virginia by Sir Walter Raleigh, and left there by Sir Richard Grenville: their fort was upon the island of Roanoac.

Sir Francis Drake gave Governor Lane a vessel, with 103 men, to continue his discoveries in that country; but a heavy gale of wind dispersing the fleet, several were lost, and that which had been appointed to remain with the colonists made the best of her way to England. In consequence of this, Sir Francis took on board Mr. Lane and his colony, and carried them to England: they arrived at Portsmouth upon the 28th of July 1586.

The value of the treasure carried home by Sir Francis Drake was estimated at £60,000: and he lost during the voyage 750 men "above three parts of them only by sicknesse."

Mr. Ralph Lane was the first who brought tobacco into England.' "In the islands of Saint Dominique and Porto Rico they use coine of leather, which is square-the which are currant onely in these islands, having little silver or gold."

"The European dogs had multiplied so exceedingly in St. Domingo, that they were a terror to the inhabitants, and a price was set upon their heads!"

* 1587.

April the 26th, John White, with 150 men in three vessels, the largest 150 tons burthen, sailed from Portsmouth, to settle a colony in Virginia, by the orders of Sir Walter Raleigh. On the 19th of

Hakluyt, vol. iii. pp. 280. 545, 546.
Purchas, part iii. L. 5. C. 2. p. 943.
Dr. Coke, vol. iii. p. 293, quoting Acosta.

1 In Stowe's Chronicle, p. 1038, it is asserted that Sir John Hawkins brought tobacco to England in the year 1565. But it was then considered as a mere drug; and Stowe says, "All men wondered what it meant!"- American Annals.

Smith's Virginia, p. 9.

Acosta's Historie of the West Indies. Rapin, vol. ii. p. 122, said from Camden, p. 509.

voyage, does not mention tobacco; and Mr. Thomas Heriot, in his "Observations on this Voyage" (both published in Smith's Virginia, pp. 9 and 10), says, " Of their tobacco we found plenty, which they esteeme their chiefe physicke."

June they passed between Dominica and Guadaloupe, on the 22d they anchored at Santa Cruz, where "some of our women and men, by eating a small fruit like greene apples, were fearefully troubled with a sudden burning in their mouths, and swelling of their tongues so bigge, that some of them could not speake. Also, a child, by sucking one of those women's breasts, had at that instant his mouth set in such a burning, that it was strange to see how the infant was tormented for the time; but after twenty-four hours, it ware away of itselfe."

On the 25th of June they left Santa Cruz, and on the 28th anchored in Mosquito Bay, St. John's, where "Darbie Glauen and Denice Carrell, two of their crew, ran away."

On the 4th of July they made Española, on the 16th Virginia, and on the 22d they anchored at "Hatorask."

Upon the 18th of August, Eleanor, daughter to the governor, and wife of Ananias Dare, one of his assistants, was delivered of a daughter in Roanoak, and because this child was the first Christian born in Virginia, she was named Virginia.

Sir George Cary sent out three ships to the West Indies, two of which took nothing, the third brought a prize to Bristol worth £2000.

1588.

Upon the 28th September, 1588, the Spanish government issued an ordinance, which enjoins the admission of all men of colour to the priesthood, provided they have the necessary qualifications; and that, upon the same principle, the colour of women who would wish to become nuns should not be an obstacle to their admission.`

1589.

William Michelson, in the Dogge, of seventy tons, with forty men, sailed from England in May, and proceeded direct to the Gulph of Mexico, where he captured several Spanish vessels, and engaged a Spanish man of war three days successively, and forced her at last to request a parley, which was granted by Michelson, and some of the Spaniards went on board the Dogge—"where, (Hakluyt says) after conference about those matters that had passed in the fight betwixt them, they received reasonable entertainement and a quiet farewell. The Spanish, as if they had meant to requite English courtesie, invited our men to their shippe, who, persuading

Hakluyt, vol. iii. pp. 281. 285. 557. Sir W. Moncey, Churchill Collection.
Depon's South America, vol. i. p. 174.

themselves of good meaning in the Spanish, went aboord; but honest and friendly dealing was not their purpose-suddenly they assaulted our men, and one with a dagger stabde Roger Kingsnod, the English pilote, to the heart, and slewe him, and others were served with the like sauce only William Mace, the master, and others, lept overboard into the sea, and so came safe to their own ship; and directing his course for England, arrived at Plimouth the 10th day of September, 1589. My principal intention, by this example," says the old writer," is to admonish our nation of circumspection in dealing with that subtill enemie, and never to trust the Spanish further than that their owne strength shall be able to master them; for otherwise, whosoever shall through simplicitie trust their curtesie, shall by tryall taste of their assured crueltie."

1590.

his

March the 20th, Mr. John White sailed from Plymouth, upon fifth voyage to the West Indies and America, with the Hopewell, John Evangelist, and the Little John. Upon the 30th of April they anchored at Dominica, and trafficked with the savages. On the 3d of May they passed St. Christopher's, on the 4th the Virgin Islands, and on the 7th they landed on the N.W. end of Saint John, and the same night captured a Spanish vessel of ten tons, laden with hides and ginger. On the 13th they landed on the island of Mona, burnt ten or twelve houses, and chased the inhabitants into the woods. On the 21st they anchored off Cape "Tiburon," where they took on board two Spaniards that were almost starved. On the 22d, M. Lane, captain of the Little John, beat off a galley belonging to Santo Domingo, with 400 men on board, after an action of four hours. The bodies of several men were found near Cape Tiburon, who, it was supposed, had perished from famine.

On the 14th of June, they captured a small Spanish frigate, with three men on board; and on the 24th, Captain Lane took a large Spanish ship, with hides and ginger on board, which did not prove so valuable a prize as they expected, because a French man of war had plundered the vessel before.

On the 2d of July, they were joined by a small pinnace, from England, commanded by M. Harps, and on the same day they chased a fleet of fourteen sail from St. Domingo, and next morning captured the vice-admiral. Passing afterwards between Cuba and Jamaica, they arrived off the coast of Florida the 3d of August. At this time John de Trexeda was governor of the Havannah, and Diego Mendez de Valdes, governor of San Juan de Puerto Rico.

1591.

June the 13th, the Hopewell, Swallow, Content, and another ship, belonging to Sir George Cary, fell in with six Spanish men of war, off Cape Corrientes, in Cuba, four of whom were " armadas." The Hopewell and Swallow left the other two to their fate, and made off: the Content escaped with great difficulty, after an action of eleven hours. After escaping from these, two gallies attempted to board her, but were beat off with great loss. In the night a favourable breeze carried the Content clear of them all. Only thirteen of the Content's crew stood to their quarters ten kept below in the hold. Hakluyt gives the names of both parties. Nicholas Lisle commanded the Content; at intervals during the action, the English prayed, and sung the first part of the twentyfifth psalm. The Content was armed with "one minion, one falcon, one saker, and two port-bases."

April the 4th, Christopher Newport, in the Golden Dragon, in company with the Prudence, Captain Hugh Merrick, the Margaret, Captain Robert Fred, and the Virgin (pinnace), Captain Henry Kidgil, arrived at Dominica, where they bought some tobacco, poultry, and vegetables. Off this island they captured a Portuguese ship from Guinea, bound to Carthagena, having on board 300 Negroes: this ship they took with them off San Juan de Puerto Rico, and with the hope of selling their prize, sent the merchant on shore; but being disappointed, they landed the Negroes, and sunk the ship off the west end of the island. On the 11th they landed on the island of Mona, where an old Portuguese, with a wife and seventeen children, supplied them with pork and vegetables. At Saona they landed again, and exercised their men; and standing to the westward, they captured a Spanish frigate, “wherein were twenty-two jarres of copper money :" she was bound to Puerto Rico for wine. On the following day they captured two more small frigates. On the 15th of April they landed, sacked Ocoa, and captured two more frigates. The Spaniards ransomed the town, with cattle, and two "wayne loades of sugar." loades of sugar." From hence they went to Cape Tiburon, where they left their ships sheltered by an uninhabited island, and shifting almost all their men into the captured vessels, went off the N.W. end of Española to Yaguana, where, on the 27th of April, they landed, and attacked the town. Their approach was opposed by 150 cavalry, who being unable to make any impression, drove before them about 200 head of cattle, to break the English line; but the cattle turned back upon themselves in this skirmish the Spanish governor was killed. The English, expecting that troops were placed to cut off their retreat,

Hakluyt, vol. iii. pp. 565. 567, 568.

turned back, embarked again, and proceeded in their ships off the town; but, for want of wind, did not get there until the following evening. By that time all the valuable goods were removed, and the place deserted. The English forced the barricados, and set fire to the town, which consisted of three streets, and about 150 houses. The same night the boats were sent to " Aguaria," a small village, which they burnt. From hence they went to the bay of Honduras, to Truxillo, and hoisting Spanish colours, the boats got very near four Spanish vessels before they were suspected: these they brought out, notwithstanding the fire from the castle, and then made sail for Puerto Cavallo, where they arrived the 15th of May. The inhabitants forsaking the town upon their approach, the English found six tons of quicksilver, plenty of live stock, silks, and merchandize, and sixteen tons of sack: this appears to have softened their hearts; for after destroying the images, and taking three bells from the church, they reimbarked without burning the town, "because we found other contentment." They returned to Truxillo captured one vessel on their passage; but were beat off in an attempt on another, moored close to the castle.

The squadron separated in a gale of wind. Captain Newport got to the Tortugas, near Florida, in the Bahama passage, captured another Spanish vessel, with hogs and tobacco, which they unloaded, and sent away with the prisoners. On their passage to England they joined Sir John Burgh at Flores, and assisted him in the capture of the "mighty Portugall caracke, called Madre de Dios." Captain Newport, with part of his crew, was by Sir John Burgh Captain_Newport, sent to England as captain of her: he arrived at Dartmouth the 7th of September, 1592. On this voyage Captain Newport took four towns, seventeen frigates, and two ships; but only carried two vessels to England.

July the 17th, a fleet of seventy-seven sail left the Havannah for Spain: the smallest vessel in the fleet was 200 tons burthen, and the largest 1000. About the 10th of August, in lat. 35°, in a gale of wind from the north, the general of the fleet, with 500 men on board, foundered; and three or four days afterwards, in another gale, five or six of the largest ships were lost with all their crews, and the vice-admiral. About the end of August, in lat. 38°, they experienced another gale, during which twenty-two sail perished. Upon the 6th of September, the remaining forty-eight arrived within sight of Flores, where they were separated by another gale: so that of 123 sail that were expected in Spain this year from the West Indies, but twenty-five arrived. Seven were taken by the English off the Azores, and nineteen, with 2600 men on board, were wrecked on the coast of New Spain, upon their voyage to the Havannah.