In August, M. de Cusac arrived at St. Christopher's, with six sail of the line, two "pataches" (pinnaces), one of them commanded by M. d'Enambuc, and an armed merchant vessel, with 300 colonists, sent out by the company. Immediately upon his arrival, M. de Cusac sent a trumpet to summon Captain Warner to retire within his limits, and surrender all the lands which the English had occupied since the departure of M. d'Enambuc. The English demanded three days to consider of the proposition. De Cusac said that he would only allow a quarter of an hour, and if the answer was delayed one moment after that time, he would attack the ten sail of merchant vessels then at anchor in the road. The plunder was too tempting for M. de Cusac to lose by any unnecessary delay he proceeded to attack the vessels, which were obstinately defended for three hours; four sail saved themselves by flight, three were run on shore by their crews, and three were taken. Captain Warner's son waited upon M. de Cusac, who haughtily replaced the French in the former possessions, and renewed the treaty: he then proceeded to St. Eustatia, where he built a fort, and a very good house. The French afterwards abandoned the island, because there was no water upon it: this inconvenience the Dutch remedied by making cisterns.

In October, Don Frederic de Toledo, with thirty-five large galleons, and fourteen armed merchant vessels, arrived at St. Christopher's. In passing Nevis he had seized four English vessels, and another was run on shore by her crew, under the battery at St. Christopher's. In the evening the Spanish fleet anchored off the battery, and the admiral, after he had saluted the fort with five guns, sent a boat on shore with a flag of truce. M. Du Rossey, who commanded in the battery, answered the salute by firing three shots at the boat, and sent dispatches to M. d'Enambuc, who commanded in Capsterre, and to Captain Warner; D'Enambuc sent him 120 men, under the command of M. du Parquet, his nephew, and the English sent him 800 with this reinforcement M. Du Rossey worked all night in throwing up an entrenchment along the shore.

At eight A.M. the next morning, the Spaniards, under the command of an Italian officer, landed within two musket shots of the intrenchments; which they immediately began to approach by traverses. Mr. Du Parquet made a sortie to oppose their approaches, and killed their commanding officer, but was himself mortally wounded in the attempt. M. Du Rossey, pánic-stricken with the loss, embarked with some of his officers, and escaped to Capsterre; the rest fled in all directions. At Capsterre, M.d'Enambuc attempted in vain to rally the fugitives. Du Rossey demanded a council of war, wherein it was determined to quit the island, and proceed to Antigua. M. d'Enambuc was threatened with assassination if he opposed the plan; and the whole of the French,

about 400 men, embarked in two vessels, then in the road of Capsterre, commanded by Captain Rose and Captain Liot.

The English, abandoned by their allies, offered to quit the island also, if the Spaniards would furnish them with vessels. Don Frederic embarked as many in the four vessels which he had taken at Nevis as they would hold, and sent them to England. Six hundred of the ablest men he condemned to the mines; the rest promised to quit the island. Don Frederic, declaring that he would not give quarter to any whom he should find upon the island at his return, embarked the eight guns belonging to the French, and proceeded on his voyage to Brazil.

The French, who had embarked without provisions, were soon reduced to one glass of water and the weight of a musket-ball of biscuit per day. In this state they were for three weeks; and then, instead of Antigua, they made the island of St. Martin, Parched with thirst, they dug holes in the sand for water: brackish, as it was, some of them died at the pits from drinking to excess. In this situation, M. du Rossey prevailed upon the officers to abandon the rest, and make Captain Rose carry them to France, where, upon his arrival, Cardinal de Richelieu immediately ordered him to the Bastile.

The poor inhabitants thought all the officers had abandoned them; but the next morning they saw Captain Liot's vessel, which had gone in search of provisions, on shore very near the island: from this vessel M. d'Enambuc landed, and called a council of war, wherein it was again resolved to proceed to Antigua: he embarked, with 150 men, in Captain Liot's vessel, leaving the rest at St. Martin's, Anguilla, and St. Bartholomew's, with a promise that he would send for them from Antigua. D'Enambuc fell in with Captain Giron, one of M. de Cusac's squadron, at Antigua, with whom he examined the island, and found it so bad, that M. d'Enambuc determined to proceed to Montserrat. From Montserrat, Captain Giron went to reconnoitre St. Christopher's, and see what was become of the English: these, upon the departure of Don Frederic, had determined not to quit the island, and now sent off a boat to Captain Giron to forbid his landing. This was quite sufficient reason to Captain Giron for him to commence hostilities: he therefore attacked two merchant vessels that were in the road, who surrendered after being disabled; with these prizes he went to a third and larger vessel, which surrendered without any resistance. He now sent her to St. Martin's, Anguilla, and St. Bartholomew's, to bring the remainder of the French back to St. Christopher's. D'Enambuc also came from Montserrat with his followers, and the whole of them, 350 soldiers, arrived again at St. Christopher's. D'Enambuc sent immediately to the English, to say that he would walk "over the bellies" of any of them that opposed the least re

Edwards, vol. i. p. 182.

Du Tertre, tom. i. pp. 32, 33, 34, 35.

sistance to his landing. No opposition was made; and M. d'Enambuc re-established his colony on that island, after an absence of three months.

April the 24th, 1629, a treaty of peace, between Louis XIII. King of France, and Charles I. King of England, was signed at Suze.

No mention is made, in the treaty, of the West Indies, but two months are allowed for the vessels at sea to receive orders for abstaining from all hostilities: after that time, all prizes are to be restored.

The abbey of Trinidad was built in 1629.

Sir William Tufton arrived at Barbadoes, as governor, from England, Charles Saltonstall, with near 200 colonists, accompanying him, bringing with them the requisites for a plantation. There were now on that island between fifteen and sixteen hundred persons, and about 1500 in the other islands.

About this time the English began to plant on the island of Providence, one of the Bahamas.

In this year there were about thirty sail of English, French, and Dutch ships at St. Christopher's, and all the Indians were driven out of the island. Tegramund, a little child, the King's son, was by great chance saved, and carefully carried to England by Mr. Merifield, who brought him up with his own children.

A Spanish fleet under the command of Don Juan de Gusman y Torres, from St. Juan de Ulhua, with specie, was attacked off Cape St. Anthony, by a celebrated Dutchman, nick-named by the Spaniards Pie de Palo, from his having a wooden leg. The Spaniards made the best of their way for the River Matanzos. There was not water sufficient for the galleons, which were in consequence run aground, and such as could, escaped on shore from them: the rest were taken, and the vessels destroyed by the Dutchmen. The plunder was estimated at seven millions, in bullion and jewels.

Don Juan de Guzman y Torres was afterwards beheaded in Old Spain, for his conduct upon this occasion.

The following is Gage's account of the action between the Spanish and Dutch off Cuba:

"It was, as I take it, the year 1629, when that ever-renowned Hollander (whom, like unto our Drake, the Spaniards to this day fear and tremble at, calling him Pie de Palo, that is, wooden leg) waited at the Cape of St. Anthony for the Spanish fleet of Nova Hispania, which, according to his expectation, coming, he manly set upon them, saluting and welcoming the great treasure in it with a full side of roaring ordnance: the sound was more doleful than

Du Mont, tom. v. partie 2. p. 580.
Smith, chaps. 22. 25, 26.

Hist. des Aventuriers, A. O. Oxemelin, ii. p. 393. A. A. Churchill's Voyages, vol. ii. p. 342. c. 25.

joyful and welcome to the Spaniards, who thought it safer sleeping
in a whole skin than to be unquieted by fighting, and with the sight
of torn and mangled bodies, by Mars his furious and fiery balls;
and so called a council of war, to resolve what they should do to
save the King's great treasure, which was intrusted to them in those
ships. The result of the council was to fly, and with some dis-
charging of their ordnance to defend themselves, until they could
put into a river in the island of Cuba, not far from Havaña, called
Matanzos. There were in that fleet of Spain many gallants and
gentlemen, and two judges of the chancery of Mexico, which were
that year sent to Madrid, as guilty in the mutiny before mentioned:
there was in it, of my acquaintance, a Dominican fryer, named
Fryer Jacintho de Hozes, who had been sent to those parts to visit
all the Dominican cloisters of New Spain, and had got of bribes at
least eight thousand ducats (as I was informed, the year after, by a
fryer, his companion, whom he sent from Havaña to Guatemala, to
make known to his friends his loss of all that he had got, and to
beg a new contribution to help him home:) there was also in that
fleet Don Martin de Carillo, who was the inquisitor and commis-
sioner to judge the delinquents in the fore-mentioned mutiny of
Mexico, who was thought to have got twenty thousand ducats clear;
besides these, a bishop, and many rich merchants, all under the
command of Don Juan de Guzman y Torres, admiral to all the
fleet. They all fled for their lives and goods; but the gallant
Hollanders chased them. The Spaniards, thinking the Hollanders
would not venture up the river after them, put into Matanzos; but
soon after they had entered, they found the river too shallow for their
heavy and great-bellied galeons, and so run them upon ground;
which done, the better and richer sort escaped to land, endea-
vouring to escape with what wealth they could: some got out
cabinets, some bags, which the Hollanders perceiving, came upon
them with bullet messengers, which soon overtook and stopt their
Some few cabinets were hid: all the rest became
flying treasures.
that day the gallant Pie de Palo, or the wooden-leg captain's
prize, for the mighty States of Holland. The Fryer Hozes was got
into a boat, with his cabinet under his habit, which had in it
nothing but chains of gold, diamonds, pearls, and precious stones;
and half a dozen Hollanders leaped into the boat after him, and
snatched it from him, as his own friend and companion related
after to us in Guatemala. Don Juan de Guzman y Torres, the
admiral, when he came to Spain, was imprisoned, lost his wits for
a while, and after was beheaded. Thus, in the sight of impregnable
Havaña, and of those twelve brazen apostles, was Holland glorious,
and made rich with a seven-million prize!"

1630.

Three sorts of French at first resorted to Española: the first were Buccaneers, or hunters, who lived by killing black cattle, and selling their hides and tallow; the second were called Flibustiers, from the Dutch fly-boats in which they generally sailed; these were, properly speaking, freebooters; the third were planters.

M. d'Enambuc soon began to find his situation uncomfortable: he despaired of the Company's expending any more money upon a colony already so disastrous; he had reason to dread the just resentment of the English, and was not without his fears of a second visit from the Spaniards. These reasons induced him to give up his hopes of remaining upon the island: the whole of the French, therefore, worked hard to raise such a quantity of tobacco as they could carry with them to Europe, and for this purpose many of them destroyed their plantations of Mandioc and yams.

Six months afterwards, they determined not to quit the island; but the want of provisions produced a famine, which would have obliged them to alter their determination again, had not a Dutch vessel arrived with a cargo of flour, wine, meat, &c.; these were sold to the French at six months' credit, and the tobacco upon the island was taken in part payment. Other Dutch vessels came afterwards to the island, and the French found a ready sale for their produce, which consisted of tobacco, cotton, roucou, and pimento-none of them having sufficient capital to produce sugar, indigo, or even ginger.

As there was no judge among them, M. d'Enambuc's ordinances were obeyed as laws in all cases, civil and military.

The French amounted to 360 men, while the English colony had increased to 6000. The French always went armed, with four or five pistols and a fusee, and spread such terror among their more industrious and prosperous neighbours, that they declared they would rather have" two devils than one Frenchman" for a neighbour!

Upon the 15th of November, 1630, a treaty of peace was signed at Madrid between Charles I. of England, and Philippe IV. of Spain. There is no mention made in the treaty of any place out of Europe. It renews the treaty between Philip II. of Spain and Queen Elizabeth, which was made in 1604, but does not take any notice of the possessions in the West Indies, which England had acquired since that period.

Mr. Edwards, therefore, is not correct when he says, vol. i. p. 190, that the treaty stipulates for peace between the subjects of the two nations in all parts of the world, as well in Europe as elsewhere.

Univ. Hist. vol. xxxvi. p. 358.

Du Tertre, tom. i. p. 36. 38.