66 66 ແ ( แ แ แ nor thạt in the beginning of July, it being not to Days after the Sumแ mer Solitice, when it would not have been faid, exigua parte æftatis reliqua. It follows therefore, that the Full Moon, spoken of, was on Auguft 30. at Night; and that the Landing, on Britain, was Auguft "26. in the Afternoon, about a Month before the Autumnal Equinox: "Which agrees to all the Circumftances of the Story in Point of Time. "As to the Place, the High Land and Cliffs, defcrib'd, being allow'd "by all to be thofe of Dover it only remains to examine whether the Defcent was made to the North-ward or South-ward of the Place, where he first Anchor'd. The Data, to Determine this, are, I. That it was Four Days before the Full Moon. II. That, that Day by 3 of the Clock in the Afternoon, the Tide ran the fame way he Sail'd. "III. That a South-by-Eaft Moon makes High Water on all that Coast, the Flood coming from the South-ward. Hence it will follow, that, แ that Day, it was High Water there, about 8 in the Morning; and confequently, Low Water about 2: Wherefore by Three, the Tide of Flood was well made up. And its plain, that Cæfar went with it; and the Flood, fetting to the Northward, fhews, that the Open Plain Shore, where he Landed, was to the Northward of the Cliffs, 66 and must be in the Dorms. A Second Argument is drawn from the Wind,wherewith he fet out on his 2d Expedition, viz. South-West, as ແ appears by the Words, Lem Africo profectus; with which, the Navigation of thele times would hardly permit a Ship to Sail, nearer the "Wind than 8 Points, or a North-Weft Courfe, which would ferve in" deed to go into the Downs, but would by no means fetch the Low Land <L towards Dengy-ness, which is much about West from Calis, and not 66 more than Weft-North-Weft from Boulogne, if it fhall be faid, That "that was the Portus Icius, from which Caefar fet out. Whence I take it to be evident, that, if Cæfar was not bound more Northerly than the "South Fore-land, he could not have thought the Africus or South-West “Wind proper for his Paffage, which was then intended for the Place, where he First Landed, the Year before. Juftly to determine which, "the Purtus Icius was, I hnd, no where fufficient Grounds: Only, "Ptolemy calls the Promontory of Calis-Cliffs, by the Name IKON AKPON "Whence there is Reason to conjecture, That the Portus Icius was very ແ near thereto; and that it was either Ambleteufe on one Side, or Culis on the other. The fame Ptolemy places rIZOPPIAKON ERINEION, on the “fame Latitude with the IKION AKPON, but fomething more to the Eaft: "Which feems to Refute thofe, that have fuppofed the Ancient Port ་ of Gefforiacum, to have been Boulogne: Whereas, by Ptolemy's Pofition, it must be either Dunkirk or Gravelingue; but the former most likely, both by the Distance from the IKION AKPON, being about 20 Miles, or Half a Degree of Longitude to the Eaft; or of the Whole Coaft of Flanders, which he makes but a Degree and a Quarter, from the "Acron Icion to the Mouth of the Scheld, which he calls Oftia Tabude. As alfo, for that Pliny, Lib. 4. Cap. 16. fpeaking of Gefforiacum, fays, "That the proximus trajectus, into Britain from hence, is 50 Miles; "which is too much, unless Gefforiacum were fomething more Easterly "than Calis. Dion Caffus makes the Distance, between France and Britain, 450 Stadia, or 56 Miles: And fays likewife, That it is the nearelt, ΤΟ ΣΥΝΤΟΜΩΤΑΤΟΝ, But this is in part amended by the ExE σε 66 66 σε plication, giv'n in the Itenerary of Antoninus; where the Space, be66 tween Gefforiacum and Rutupum, is said to be 450 Stadia; (for this was the ordinary Paffage of the Romans into Britain) Rutupium being more Northerly, and Gefforiacum more Eafterly than the Termini of Cefar's Voyage; and confequently the Distance greater than 30 Miles ແ which Cafar had Obferv'd: And now, lately, an accurate Survey has (6 prov'd the Distance, between Land and Land, to be 26 English Miles, 66 or 28: Roman Miles; which fhow, how near Cefur's Eftimate was to 661 the Truth. But to return to our Story. King Ederus, in whose time, as we have faid, Cefar made this Expedition into Britain, Died in Peace at Dunftaffage in the Fourty Eighth Year of his Reign, greatly Belov'd and Lamented by his People. He had Two Brethren, Lifmorus and Caranus, and one Son, call'd EWEN or Evenus, who fucceeded to him. He fo This Prince was of a different Temper from his Father; for, he gave himself entirely up to his Pleasures. He kept a Hundred Concubines; and made a Law, whereby every Man had Liberty to Marry as many Wives, as he could Maintain; and, by another Law, the Lord of the Ground was allow'd the Maiden-head of every Bride. much neglected the Government of his Kingdom, that he suffer'd Murderers and Robbers to pass Unpunish'd : Which so incens'd his Subjects against him, that they rofe in Rebellion, defeat his Forces, and took himself Prifoner. Yet, fuch Refpect they bore to him as their Lawful Prince, that they would not put him to Death; but condemn'd him to a Perpetual Imprisonment: And one of his Enemies, having Murder'd him in the Prison, expecting to be rewarded for it, was taken and Executed Publicly, to terrify all others from Attempts of the like Nature. He left no Children behind him, and was Murder'd in the Seventh Year of his Reign. METELLANUS, Nephew to King Ederus by his Brother Caranus, fucceeded him. In the Tenth Year of his Reign, the Saviour of the World was Born, being the 330. Year from the Foundation of the Scots Monarchy. He Died in the Thirty Ninth Year of his Reign. He was a Meek and Peaceable Prince, and Govern'd his People with great Equity and Justice. Metellanus Dying without Heirs of his own Body, Caratacus or CARACTACUS, his Nephew by his Sifter Europea, fucceeded to him. In the Beginning of his Reign, he quieted the People of the Æbude Iflands, who were turning very Factious. The Emperor Claudius, having been honour'd by the Senate, with Triumphal Ornaments, for the happy Success of the Mauritanian War, altho' he had not been prefent in it, nor was it fo much as wag'd in his Reign, refolv'd, by the Advice of fome British Fugitives, whom the Romans refus'd to deliver up, as Suetonius fays (e), to bring Britain under the Yoke of the Roman Empire; and, in the Fourth Year of his Reign, he fent over Aulius Plautius, with an Army, to fubdue them. Upon which, all the Petty Princes and little Kings of Britain join'd their Forces against him, as one Man: Nevertheless he, being a Person of great Merit and Valour, gain'd confiderable Advantages over them. But, as he believ'd, that he ought not to warrant the Events of Fortune, which might change; and knew, (e) Vid. Sueton. in Claud. Cap. 17. that that the Triumphal Ornaments had not fatisfy'd Claudius's Ambition ; CN. MVNATIVS M. F. PAL. AVRELIVS BASSVS PROC. AVG. The Emperor, Claudius, return'd directly to Rome, Six Months after he left it; and permitted the Governors of Provinces, and fome Unfortunate Exiles, to affift at the Magnificence of his Triumph. In which Pompous Ceremony, he caus'd a Naval Crown to be fet upon the Top of the Palace, amongst the Enemies Spoils, to fignify thereby, That he had pafs'd the Ocean, and made it subject to the Roman People. The Emprefs, Meffalina, whofe Lewdness was such, that she often went from Court,where she had tired out the most Vigorous, to the Public Stews, to take her Advantage of the Number of People that frequented them ; and, as fhe faid her felf, She never went from them till he was weary'd, but never went away fatisfy'd. This Woman, I fay, was allow'd to Triumph with him, and follow'd his Triumphal Chariot in another: And the Senate was not contented to give the Emperor, the Surname of Britannicus; but gave it alfo to his Son, Germanicus; and Order'd thofe Divine Honours to be paid to Meffalina, which had been paid to Livia, the Wife of Auguftus, Not long after this, Plautius return'd to Rome, where, for the having put an happy End to this War, he was Honour'd likewife with a Triumph (g), as Dion Caffius fays; or only with an Ovation, as Suetonius fays (b). P. Oftorius Scapula the Proprætor fucceeded to him in his Charge and Reputation: For, he prov'd fo fuccessful in his Arms, againft all the Petty Princes in South Britain, that, in a little time he brought them under Subjection, and reduc'd their Dominions into the Form of a Province. And, having proceeded in his Conquefts as far as the Cangi, who, as the Roman Writers fay, were a People about the Irish Sea, and whom I take to be the People of Cantyre; Caractacus rais'd a Powerful Army to oppofe him; and, being join'd by feveral other Petty Princes, or Chiftains of Clans, he maintain'd the War against Oftorius, with great Valour and Conduct, for feveral Years. But at length, being refolv'd either to Die bravely in the Field of Battel, or to expel the Romans out of his Country, he got together as many of his own Subjects, as were capable of Fighting; and, being join'd by a great Num E 2 ber (f) Vid. Caufob. ad Suet. Claud, cap. 17. Cambden in Britan. pag. 321, 342 & feq. Scaliger ad Eufeb: N. 260. Du Chene Hift. du Angl. &c. pag. 93. (8) Lib. 90. (b) In Claud. Cap. 23: 7 ber of the Britains, he march'd his Army towards the Romans; and, having encamp'd himself in an advantageous Place, he told his Soldiers, That that Battel fhould either establish their Glorious Liberty, or confirm their Perpetual Servitude; and, that they ought to remember the Honour of their Ancestors, who had driven Julius Cæfar from the Ijle, by whole Valour they were happily Deliver'd from Axes and Tributes, and to whom they ow'd the Enjoyment of their Unviolated Wives and Children. 4 Yet notwithstanding of this Speech, which very much Animated his Soldiers, and their advantageous Encampment, they were Defeat by the Roman Legions; and Caractacus's Wife and Daughter were taken Prifoners, his Brothers furrendring themselves fhortly after And he himfelf, flying for Protection to Cartifmandua, his Mother-in-Law, was treacherously bound by her Command, and deliver'd up to the Conqueror, after Nine Years brave Refiftance of the Romans; by which he had gain'd, fay their Hiftorians, as great Fame and Renown, in Italy and the South of Britain, as he had done amongst his own Iflanders; and being led Captive to Rome, the People were Summon'd to fee him. The Emperor's Guards were plac'd in Order, and he himself Seated on his Tribunal: The Captive Princes, Vaffals and Retinue go`ng First, the Caparifons and other Spoils of War follow'd after; then his Bro thers, his Wife and Daughter, and laft of all he himself was brought be fore the People in a very peculiar Habit; which the Román Hiftorians take Notice of, because the Habit of our Highlanders differ'd very much from that of the Britains, which they had only been accuftom'd, for fome time to see. The Prayers and Petitions, which the Chiftains or Petty Princes, that were taken Captive with him, made to the Eperor for their Lives and Liberty, were Mean and Servile. But Ca raclacus, neither craving Mercy nor cafting down his Eyes, as it was the Custom of other Captive Princes to do, when they were brought before the Emperor, boldly Addreffed himself to him, thus (). If my Moderation, in my Profperity, had been answerable to my Nobility and Fortune, I had come rather as a Friend into this City than a Captive; nor would you have difdain'd to have receiv'd me, with Articles of Alliance, being a Prince defcended from Illuftrious Progenitors, and a Sovereign of many Nations. My present Fortune is, to me, Low and Dishonourable; but, to you, Glorious and Triumphant. I once had Horfes, Men, Arms and Riches, at my Command: What Wonder is it, that I fhould struggle hard, before I loft them? But, if Fate has allotted Univerfal Empire to your Part, Subjection must be ours. Ifƒ I had yielded without Oppofition, neither my Fortune would have been Remarkable, nor your Glory Memorable; and Oblivion would have follow'd my Punifoment: But, if you fpare my Life now, I shall be a perpetual Example of your Clemency. The Emperor, being extremely mov'd with his Brave and Generous Behaviour, freely Pardon'd him, his Wife and Relations; and, being all unbound, they made their Addreffes both to him and his Emprefs Agrippina. After this, the Senate was Affembled, where the Fathers made many Pompous Speeches, concerning their Prifoner Caraclavus, declaring, That it was no lefs Honourable than when the Great Scipio expos'd Syphax, and Paulus brought Perfeus, in Triumph. Thereafter Caractacus, with his whole Retinue, return'd to his own Dominions, where he ended the remnant of his Days in Peace and (i) Tacit Lib. 12. Anal. Friend Friendship, with the Romans, in the Twenty First Year of his Reign, and in the Year of our Lord 54; and was Bury'd at Carrick. Caractacus Dying without Heirs of his own Body, for his Daughter Dy'd before himself; CORBREDUS, his Brother, fucceeded to him. This Prince, in the Beginning of his Reign, kept an Inviolable Friendship, with the Romans: And, notwithstanding that he faw Ofłorius's Troops daily defeated by the Britains, yet he would not join in a Confederacy with them, because of the League betwixt them. But, when his Succeffor A. Didius invaded his Dominions, upon the Encouragement giv'n him by Cartifmandua, who had Imprifon'd her Husband, Venutius, and his Brethren, and taken Vellocatus, his Servant, to her Bed; Corbredus rais'd a Powerful Army, and coming to the City of Epiak, he fet Venutius at Liberty: And, by the Affiftance of his Neighbours, in a fharp Battel against the Legion of Cafius Nafica, Didius found, that he was no Defpicable Enemy. And, growing now Old, he thought it fufficient for him, if he could keep what his Predeceffors had gain'd; and therefore, he concluded a Peace with Corbredus and his Allies. Some Years after this, the whole Body of the Britains made a Violent Effort,for Regaining of their Liberties; which was occafion'd by the many Provocations giv'n them by the Romans, which are enumerated by Tacitus and Dion. But the Principal Caufe was this, Arviragus,or Prafutagus, as he is call'd by others, King of the Iceni, famous for his Treasure, had Marry'd Boadicea, Corbredus's Sifter, with whom he had only Two Daughters; and, that they might be protected from the Infults of the Romans, he made the Emperor Nero, Coheir with them. Yet, notwithstanding of this, he was depriv'd of his Kingdom by the Roman Captains; his Houfe Pillag'd by Under-officers; his Queen Boadicea, was Scourg'd, and his Daughters Ravish'd. Upon this, the Iceni un animoufly took Arms, under the Conduct of the Injur'd Boadicea; and, being join'd by her Brother Corbredus, the Trinobantes and fuch others as were not yet Broken by the Weight of the Roman Yoke, fhe got together a confiderable Army. The Roman Hiftorians fay (k), That this Lady was of a Stature far above the Common Size, Majeftic in her Deportment, had a Full Vifage, Sparkling Eyes, of an Auftere Voice, and Yellow Hair'd which reach'd to her Knees; the wore a Maffy Chain of Gold about her Neck, and was cloath'd,fay they, with a Garment of divers Colours. The Roman Colony, at Camalodunum, who had made no Preparations against a Siege, requir'd Aid of Decianus the Procurator ? But he fent them no more than Two Hundred Men, and thofe ill Arm'd; so that the Soldiers, who before had rely'd upon the Protection of their Temple, were loon Defeated, and the whole Colony was Destroy'd by Fire and Sword. The Confederate Princes, having gain'd this Victory, march'd from hence, with great Fury, against the Ninth Legion, under the Command of Petilius Cereals, and cut all the Infantry in Pieces; fo that only the Horfe efcap'd, with their Commander. Which Misfortune caus'd Catus, the Intendant, whofe Rapines had partly occafion'd this Infurrection, to fly into Gaul. Suetonius, who was in the utmost Parts of the South of Britain, being advertis'd of this,march'd with his Forces against them: But, in the mean time, Boadicea and Corbredus deftroy'd,by Fire and Sword,all before them wherever they went. F (k) Vid. Tacit. Ann. Lib. 12. Dion Caff. Lib. 62. Xiphilin. in Nerone; And |