tive which has an object is often to be translated by a passive infinitive in English. As is evident from the sentence in the text, the Spanish object (libertad) becomes in the English translation the subject of the passive infinitive.

17. no permitió desembarcar a Colón: did not permit Columbus to disembark. It is very common to find a verb meaning to cause, order, or permit, followed by an infinitive + a noun with a. As is evident from the sentence in the text, the noun with a is to be translated as object of the first verb and subject of the infinitive. The reason for the a is that the noun is a definite personal object (see second note to 4, 14). Verbs of seeing and hearing are also often followed by this construction. 19. estuvo. Estar is used to express a condition or quality

that is temporary; ser to express permanence.

20. de perderse of being lost. See notes to 4, 12 and 1, 5.

7, 3. se dijo misa. See note to 1, 5.

4. Siguió navegando: he followed sailing; i.e., he kept on sailing. This is a very common use of seguir.

5. echó anclas a cast anchor in. Many verbs of motion, like entrar, echar, etc., which take the preposition en in Castilian, often take a in the language of Spanish America.

7. en honor suyo in honor of him. There is the same very slight difference between the Spanish phrases en su honor and en honor suyo as there is between the English phrases in his honor and in honor of him. In translating from English into Spanish, it is hard for the student to know when the longer forms of the possessive adjectives may be used. They can be used only in certain phrases. It is advisable to note and remember the examples which occur in his reading, such as en honor suyo. But notice that if Spanish does use the longer form, it must stand after the noun.

7. se forjó formed (for himself). Se is here a dative of interest and need not be included in the translation. Such a dative is often not to be translated.

8. se imaginaba. See preceding note.

9. cuantos all those which. The sense of cuanto as a relative is usually best expressed by some phrase like all that, all that

which, all the . . . which. Cuanto is called a compound relative, because it includes its antecedent.

II. la reina Isabel: Queen Isabel. Spanish uses the definite article before titles except when the person is addressed. Such an article is to be omitted in translation.

12. no pudo conseguir que Fernando le cumpliera su contrato: he was not able to obtain that Ferdinand should fulfill for him his contract; i.e., he could not get Ferdinand to fulfill his contract. See Subjunctive, 4 and 12. Le is a dative of interest; see second note to 7, 7.

14. sin saber. See note to 4, 12.

FOOTNOTE I. la costa norte: the north coast.

Norte is really

a noun, but the nouns designating the points of the compass are often used as adjectives in phrases like this. FOOTNOTE 2. la de. See note to 4, 2.

9, 3. a la multitud. See second note to 4, 14.

5. se codeaban elbowed each other (literally, elbowed themselves). This is the so-called reciprocal use of the reflexive pronoun.

6. hidalgos y villanos. See note to 4, 10.

8. del siglo XVI = del siglo diez y seis or dieciséis. See note to I, II.

20. lo que that which or what (literally, the which). This relative pronoun, which is the neuter form of el que, is a compound relative, so called because it includes its antecedent. It must not be confused with the simple relative pronoun el que meaning which (not that which), often used as a substitute for que (for examples, see first and third notes to 4, 4). In this sentence (9, 20) "lo que " is used because it refers not to a definite noun, but to an idea, that of the conquest and its results.

10, 5. estaban obligados. See note to 4, 5.

6. a construirle casas to build houses for him.

11, 1. a. See second note to 4, 14.

3. ocupemos. See Subjunctive, 4 (considering merecer as a verb of wishing or requesting) and 11.

4. está formado is formed. But this is not a real passive.

Está formado means is in a formed state or condition; es formado would mean is being formed.

9. envían. Notice the accent. Certain verbs in -iar and -uar take an accent on the i or the u throughout the singular and in the third person plural of the present indicative and present subjunctive, and in the imperative singular. Other verbs in -iar and -uar do not take this accent. It is only by practice that the student may learn whether such verbs take the accent or not.

IO. aun. This adverb is written and pronounced in two ways: aun and aún. It is customary to use aun when the adverb precedes the word it modifies, and aún when it follows.

10. aun perjudicando: even though it impairs. It is often necessary to translate a present participle by a clause. The context will show when this is so.

II. hace nacer una nueva causes a new one to be born.

When a verb of causing (or ordering or permitting) is followed by an infinitive which has a subject, this subject is in Spanish usually placed after the infinitive.

II. una nueva : a new one. Adjectives and past participles are often used substantively, the noun modified (in this case raza) being implied.

12. de. See note to 3, 8.

13, 4. en oriente: in the east. See note to 3, 6.

5. éste and its various forms often mean the latter. Aquél often means the former.

6. bárbaros is the subject of vencieron. See note to 4, 10. 9. puede may.

9. pujante powerful; i.e., full of power.

14. 7,100,000. For all numerals see page 140.

14, 5. colegios nacionales: national schools. It is hard to translate the word colegio, because it is an institution which corresponds to our High School and one or two years of college. Latin Americans have no institutions which correspond exactly to our colleges. Graduates of the colegios enter la Universidad (University), which corresponds to our professional schools (Law Schools, Medical Schools, Graduate Schools, etc.).

9. las capitales de provincia: the capitals of the provinces or states.

II. la Argentina. See third note to 1, 14. Argentina does not have to take the article, but usually does.

15. más: plus.

18. Puede decirse = se puede decir: it may be said. When a personal pronoun is used with an infinitive (or a present participle) depending on another verb, the pronoun may either follow the infinitive or precede the other verb.

19. el hacha. Feminine singular nouns which begin with stressed a or ha require el instead of la, to avoid the unpleasant prolongation of the a sound.

20. a. See second note to 4, 14.

FOOTNOTE 1. de ancho: of width; i.e., in width.

FOOTNOTE I. 1,500,000 un millón, quinientos mil. Although Spanish omits the word one (un) in one hundred (ciento) and one thousand (mil), it requires it in one million.

15, 3. se explota el bosque: the forest is exploited (i.e., turned to account).

5. es de suponer it is to be supposed. After ser de Spanish uses an active infinitive, which is to be translated by a passive. 6. esté. See Subjunctive, 5 and II.

IO. se constituyeron : have been established. The past definite is here used, as often, with the sense of a perfect.

14. ni. Notice that no is not required with the verb when ni precedes the verb. No would be required if ni followed the verb. The same statement applies to nada, nadie, ninguno, nunca, jamás, tampoco. No tengo nada and nada tengo both mean I have nothing.

15. procura haya paz: attempts that there may be peace; i.e., tries to insure peace. Que is sometimes, though rarely, omitted in Spanish before a subordinate clause. See Subjunctive, 4 and 11. 16. dediquen is the present subjunctive of the verb dedicar. See Subjunctive, 7 and 11.

FOOTNOTE I. No se refiere aquí a it does not refer itself here to. This is a very common Spanish way of saying one does not here refer to, we are not here referring to.

FOOTNOTE I. sino: but. Spanish uses three words for but: mas, pero, and sino. The two former are interchangeable. Sino is used to introduce a positive statement that is contrasted with a preceding negative statement. In translating from English into Spanish, never translate but by sino unless (1) it is preceded by a negative, and (2) unless it means but rather or but on the contrary.

FOOTNOTE I. Véase el mapa: let the map see itself: let the map be seen; i.e., see the map. See Subjunctive, 1.

FOOTNOTE 2. Se puede decir: it may say itself; i.e., one may say. The meaning of a sentence will often become clear to the translator if he considers se as subject (provided the verb is in the singular), and translates it as one.

FOOTNOTE 2. lo mismo: the same thing. The neuter lo is used because an idea is referred to.

FOOTNOTE 3. es español: is a Spaniard. Spanish usually omits the indefinite article before predicate nouns denoting rank, class, occupation, and nationality.

17, 1. jamás. See note to 15, 14.

dejado de: failed to.

2. generoso here means noble, rather than generous.

3. el Uruguay. See third note to 1, 14.

6. la costa is the subject of reúne. See note to 4, 10.

9. se disputaron su dominio: quarreled with each other over its possession. Se is a dative of interest, and means literally for or with themselves; but see note to 9, 5.

9. España y Portugal. See note to 4, 10. 12. puede decirse. See note to 14, 18. FOOTNOTE 1. el siglo XVIII

ocho). See note to I, II.

=

el siglo diez y ocho (or dieci

FOOTNOTE I. u: or. U is substitued for o before words beginning with o or ho. This is done for the sake of euphony. FOOTNOTE 4. del Plata.

The River Plate is called either

"el Río de la Plata " or " el Plata." Names of rivers, when not preceded by the word río, are always masculine.