1

Honour is truly sacred, but holds a lower rank | And all these errors ought to be corrected and de. in the scale of moral excellence than virtue.--In- fects supplied by some controling power. deed the former is but a part of the latter, and 2. A single assembly is apt to be avaricious, and consequently has not equal pretensions to support in time will not scruple to exempt itself from bura frame of government productive of human hap-thens which it will lay, without compunction, on piness!

its constituents.

The foundation of every government is some prin3. A single assembly is apt to grow ambitious, ciple or passion in the minds of the people. The and after a time will not hesitate to vote itself pernoblest principles and most generous affections in petual. This was one fault of the long parliament, our nature then, have the fairest chance support but more remarkably of Holland, whose assembly the noblest and most generous models of govern-first voted themselves from annual to septennial,

ment.

to

then for life, and after a course of years, that all A man must be indifferent to the sneers of mo- vacancies happening by death or otherwise, should dern Englishmen, to mention in their company, the be filled by themselves, without any application to names of Sidney, Harrington, Locke, Milton, Ned- constituents at all. ham, Neville, Burnet, and Hoadley -No small forti 4. A representative assembly, although extremetude is necessary to confess that one has read them. ly well qualified, and absolutely necessary as a The wretched condition of this country, however, branch of the legislature, is unfit to exercise the for ten or fifteen years past, has frequently re- executive power, for want of two essential properminded me of their principles and reasonings.- ties, secrecy and despatch.

They will convince any candid mind, that there is 5. A representative assembly is still less qualifi. no good government but what is republican. That ed for the judicial power; because it is too numerthe only valuable part of the British constitution is ous, too slow, and too little skilled in the laws. so; because the very definition of a republic, is 6. Because a single assembly, possessed of all "an empire of laws, and not of men." That, as a re- the powers of government, would make arbitrary public is the best of governments, so that particu-laws for their own interest, execute all laws arbi. Jar arrangement of the powers of society, or in other words that form of government, which is best contrived to secure an impartial and exact execution of the laws, is the best of republics.

Of repuolics, there is an inexhaustible variety, because the possible combinations of the powers of society, are capable of innumerable variations.

trarily for their own interest, and adjudge all controversies in their own favor.

But shall the whole power of legislation rest in one assembly? Most of the foregoing reasons apply equally to prove that the legislative power ought to be more complex-to which we may add, that if the legislative power is wholly in one assembly, and the executive in another, or in a single

As good government, is an empire of laws, how shall your laws be made? In a large society, inha- person, these two powers will oppose and encroach biting an extensive country, it is impossible that upon each other, until the contest shall end in war, the whole should assemble, to make laws: The and the whole power, legislative and executive, be first necessary step then, is, to depute power from usurped by the strongest.

the many, to a few of the most wise and good.- The judicial power, in such case, could not meBut by what rules shall you choose your represen- diate, or hold the balance between the two contendtatives? Agree upon the number and qualifications ing powers, because the legislative would underof persons, who shall have the benefit of choosing, mine it.-And this shews the necessity too, of givor annex this privilege to the inhabitants of a cer- ing the executive power a negative upon the legistain extent of ground.

ing upon that.

lative, otherwise this will be continually encroachThe principal difficulty lies, and the greatest care should be employed in constituting this repreTo avoid these dangers let a distinct assembly sentative assembly. It should be in miniature, an be constituted, as a mediator between the two exexact portrait of the people at large. It should treme branches of the legislature, that which rethink, feel, reason, and act like them. That it presents the people and that which is vested with may be the interest of this assembly to do strict the executive power.

justice at all times, it should be an equal represen- Let the representative assembly then elect by tation, or in other words equal interest among the ballot, from among themselves or their constitupeople should have equal interest in it.-Great care ents, or both, a distinct assembly, which for the should be taken to effect this, and to prevent unfair, sake of perspicuity we will call a council. It may partial, and corrupt elections. Such regulations, consist of any number you please, say twenty or however, may be better made in times of greater thirty, and should have a free and independent extranquility than the present, and they will spring ercise of its judgment, and consequently a negative

up of themselves naturally, when all the powers of government come to be in the hands of the people's friends. At present it will be safest to proceed in ad established modes to which the people have been familiarised by habit.

A representation of the people in one assembly being obtained, a question arises whether all the powers of government, legislative, executive, and judicial, shall be left in this body? I think a peopie cannot be long free, nor ever happy, whose government is in one assembly. My reasons for this opinion are as follow:

voice in the legislature.

These two bodies thus constituted, and made integral parts of the legislature, let them unite, and by joint ballot choose a governor, who, after being stript of most of those badges or domination called prerogatives, should have a free and independent exercise of his judgment, and be made also an integral part of the legislature. This I know is liable to objections, and if you please you may make him only president of the council, as in Connecticut: But as the governor is to be invested with the executive power, with consent of council, I think he ought to have a negative upon the legisla

1. A single assembly is liable to all the vices, follies and frailties of an individual.-Subject to tive. If he is annually elective, as he ought to be, fits of humor starts of passion, flights of enthusi he will always have so much reverence and affecasm, partialities of prejudice, and consequently tion for the people, their representatives and counproductive of hasty results and absurd judgments: cillors, that although you give him an independent both should be checks upon that. The judges therefore should always be men of learning and experience in the laws, of exemplary morals, great patience, calmness, coolness and attention. Their

In the present exigency of American affairs, when, minds should not be distracted with jarring inte by an act of parliament we are put out of the royal rests, they should not be dependent upon any man, protection, and consequently discharged from our or body of men. To these ends they should hold allegiance; and it has become necessary to assume estates for life in their offices, or in other words government for our immediate security, the gover- their commissions should be during good behaviour, nor, lieutenant governor, secretary, treasurer, com and their salaries ascertained and established by missary, attorney-general, should be chosen by law. For misbehaviour the grand inquest of the

Any seven or nine of the legislative council may be made a quorum, for doing business as a privy council, to advise the governor in the exercise of the executive branch of power, and in all acts of

The governor should have the command of the militia, and of all your armies. The power of pardons should be with the governor and council.

colony, the house of representatives, should impeach them before the governor and council, where they should have time and opportunity to make their defence, but if convicted should be removed from their offices, and subjected to such other punishment as shall be thought proper.

A militia law requiring all men, or with very. few exceptions, besides cases of conscience, to be provided with arms and ammunition, to be trained at certain seasons, and requiring counties, towns,

or other small districts to be provided with public

stocks of ammunition and entrenching utensils, and with some settled plans for transporting provisions after the militia, when marched to defend their country against sudden invasions, and requiring certain districts to be provided with fieldpieces, companies of matrosses, and perhaps some regiments of light horse is always a wise institution, and in the present circumstances of our coun

Judges, justices and all other officers, civil and military, should be nominated and appointed by the governor, with the advice and consent of council, unless you choose to have a government more popular; if you do, all officers, civil and military, may A general emulation takes place, which causes good be chosen by joint ballot of both houses, or in or- humor, sociability, good manners, and good morals der to preserve the independence and importance to be general. That elevation of sentiment, inof each house, by ballot of one house, concurred spired by such a government, makes the common by the other. Sheriffs should be chosen by the people brave and enterprising. That ambition

freeholders of counties-so should registers of deeds and clerks of counties.

All officers should have commissions, under the hand of the governor and seal of the colony.

The dignity and stability of government in all its branches, the morals of the people and every blessing of society, depends so much upon an upright and skillful administration of justice, that the judicial power ought to be distinct from both If the colonies should assume governments sepathe legislative and executive, and independent up- rately, they should be left entirely to their own on both, that so it may be a check upon both as choice of the forms, and if a continental constitu tion should be formed, it should be a congress, price for the stocks of his own country than for containing a fair and adequate representation of the those of a foreign one-this something may be the colonies, and its authority should sacredly be con- greater facility with which he can collect the intefined to these cases, viz. war, trade, disputes be-rest, but chiefly in the greater convenience with tween colony and colony, the post-office and the which he may convert his stock into other kinds of unappropriated lands of the crown, as they used to property, at pleasure. The British stocks, from be called.

the immense trade carried on in them, answer nearThese colonies, under such forms of government, ly all the purposes of money, at their current vaand in such a union, would be unconquerable by all lue; and millions on millions of them are bought the monarchies of Europe.

You and I, my dear friend, have been sent into life, at a time when the greatest lawgivers of antiquity would have wished to have lived.-How few of the human race have ever enjoyed an opportuni

and sold in the course of a week, without the use of money at all-one kind, or lot, being disposed of and another bought, by certam sets of persons, in continual succession. But real purchasers-that is, such as purchase stocks to invest funds for the

ty of making an election of government more than receipt of interest, are of little account in the stock of air, soil or climate, for themselves or their chil- market; where the trade goes on, buying and selling, dren.-When! before the present epocha, had three without delivery, in numerous cases, like the famous millions of people full power and a fair opportuni- Tulip trade which had its day in Holland, many ty to form and establish the wisest and happiest years ago. The case is different with the American government that human wisdom can contrive? I stocks; these are only to a certain extent in the bope you will avail yourself and your country of market-the trade in them is limited, and they do that extensive learning and indefatigable industry not serve the stock-jobbers and others the purposes which you possess, to assist her in the formations of money, so easily as the British stocks do. A sale of the happiest governments, and the best charac- of them cannot always be effected, at half an hour's

ter of a great people. For myself, I must beg you
to keep my name out of sight, for this feeble at-
tempt, if it should be known to be mine, would
oblige me to apply to myself those lines of the im-
mortal John Milton, in one of his sonnets,

"I did but teach the age to quit their clogg
"By the plain rules of ancient liberty,
"When lo! a barbarous noise surrounded me,
"Of owls and cuckoos, asses, apes and dogs."

Public stocks.

FROM THE BOSTON CENTINEL.

notice-and hence they are, comparatively, of less value, proportioned to the interest payable on them, in the British money market. And besides, their amount is too small to engage much of the attention of the great dealers in stocks-who turn in one week as great a value of British stocks as the whole debt of the United States amounts to.

But there is another point of view in which the editor of the Boston Centinel might have represented the matter more fairly, if he had pleased. He could have compared three per cents. with three per cents. We have not seen any quotation of the Ame

"The public stocks of modern nations have been rican 3 per cents. in the British market, but it may considered the best criteria of the stability of their be presumed they bear the same relation to the governments.-By this rule, then, that of Great 6 per cents. there that they do here. The prices Britain is considered as firm as the Peruvian Andes. current at Baltimore, last week, gave 6 per cents. Take an example.-American stocks are considered 1001; and 3 per cents. at 65. The first being 102 to be next in stability;-but American securities, in London, would give the latter there, at the same bearing six per cent. interest, will only command in rate, a little more than 68 pr. ct.-only 2 pr. ct. less specie one or two per cent. above par-whereas than the British 3 per cents. in the British market. British stocks, bearing only three per cent. interest, Further, and to shew that the price of the British will command in specie 70 per cent:-which at the 3 per cents. were not raised to 70 for the sake of the rate of six per cent. would be 40 per cent. above par! interest to be received, we may observe that when What will the croakers and boasters say to this?" the 3 per cents. were at 70, the five per cents. were

REMARKS.

There is apparently a singular disposition in some American citizens to exalt the character of Great Britain even at the cost of their own country's reputation. The writer of the preceding paragraph seems to have that disposition-for, not content with the facts stated, which he assumes as "the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth" of the matter, he evidently exults at the supposed superior stability of the British government over that of the United States. One might have thought that this would rather be a subject for regret than of pleasure.

It is true, when British three per cents. were at 70, in London, American six per cents. were no more than 102: but this is not "criteria of the stability of the governments." There is no man who believes that the present American debt will be perpetual; it is known to be in a rapid state of reduction, and its period is reasonably calculatedwhereas, there is no man who dreams or supposes that the British debt will ever be paid; it is by all accounted an impossibility to do it. There is, then, something else, besides the presumed "stability" of the respective governments, that makes the British capitalist willing to give a higher comparativel

only 99-As 3 is to 5 so is 70 to 116 2-3-which ought to have been the price of the 5 per cents. instead of 99.

Observations on Flour and Bread. The following series of experiments and remarks are deeply interesting to a large portion of our readers; and the facts, so carefully ascertained, will instruct and amuse those who have no need to profit by them. The gentleman who communicated them stands second to no man as a nice observer of truth, and what he alleges on this, as on other occasions, may be entirely relied upon. In his letter, enclosing the article, he says "it was "my intention to have carried these experiments "still further, and to have reduced them to a "certain degree of order, which, owing to a va"riety of circumstances, I was compelled to relin"quish"-adding, "I now send them to thee, in "their rough state, to be made use of as may be "most agreeable. These experiments were made "with sufficient accuracy, and my notes entered " immediately on weighing the bread," &c. We have thought that in their "rough state" they are the most explicit, and have not ventured any alteration of their matter or manner.

The peck loaf of England must weigh 171b. 6oz. tained of the accuracy of these experiments; but I for which about 14/6. of flour is usually employed; have none, as the wheat was manufactured in my the half-peck weighs 8/6. 11oz, the quartern loaf own mill, and the bread made up and baked in my 41b. 5oz. 8drs.-hence, in the usual way of sale, 56 own family.

ounces of flour makes 694oz. of bread; or 10lb. of A third experiment was made (27th 9th me.) with flour makes 12lb. of bread"-"514lb. of flour, when 14lb. of flour, of quality No. 2, made up with 116. baked, produced 6721b. of household bread, or at the 7oz. of yeast, and the requisite quantity of water. rate of 30 per cent. beyond the weight of the flour" The result was 194/bs. of bread when cool-which -"this is at the rate of 13lb. of bread to 10lb. of is an advance of 4116. 2oz. per cent. In experiments flour. I presume this bread was weighed warm." No. 1 and 2, the veast was not weighed, supposing "According to lord Sheffield, the general calcula- the measure used would contain (being a milk pint) tion is, that a Winchester bushel of wheat, weighing no more than 1/6. but on weighing a like quantity, 60/6. will produce 5416 of meal, 5+16. of bran, and in experiment No. 3, the result was as above stated 16. of water; that this 5416. of meal will make 68lb. [1lb. 70%.*] being that kind of rising called here of bread. This is at the rate of 13416. of bread to "sotts," a Dutch term, I presume. This difference 10lb. of flour." "It appeared from the examination in the weight of the yeast will make a correspondent of the bakers, about the period of the scarcity in difference in the results of No. 1 and 2, and will England, that American flour, weight for weight, be accounted for hereafter.

10th mo. 6th. A fourth experiment was made with produced rather more bread than the best English Hour"-"Hence, I conclude, that 10lb. of Ameri- 1416. of flour, made from wheat of the present year can flour ought to make 1316. of bread, if well ma- (1814) This flour was laid to rise with the usual quantity of "sotts" (1 pint) and mixed with two naged."-Emporium, vol. 5, page 277.*

In order to ascertain whether the above trials and quarts of milk and half a pint of water: the proopinions would correspond with experiments made duct was 215lbs. of bread, weighed when warm under my own direction, I weighed 12th of flour, this is equal to 153th. 8oz. of bread to 100lbs. of which, being made up with 16. of yeast and 5 pints flour, or an advance of 5316. 8oz. per cent. an unexof milk, and baked in my own house, produced 17 pected result-in addition to which it is proper to pounds of bread, carefully weighed when nearly mention that, supposing this flour would prove cool. Two weeks after the above trial, I weighed similar to a previous baking of new flour (which 1416. of flour, which was, in like manner, made up was runny) a small portion of flour, supposed to be with 116. of yeast and 5 pints of milk-the bread equal in quantity to that employed in making the was weighed in a similar state with the first expe- "sotts," was reserved to mix up in the morning with

riment, and produced 20 lbs. of bread.

The above trials were made in the 8th and 9th months (August and September) of the present year (1814.)

the dough, but as it was found unnecessary, it may, therefore, be safely calculated that 134lb. of flour produced the 214/6. of bread-which is an advance equivalent to 59lb. 7oz. per cent. The wheat of

The wheat from which the bread first mentioned which the above flour was made came from the was made was from the peninsula between the Dela-peninsula between the Delaware and Chesapeake. 11th mo. 19th.-3lbs. of Indian meal were made ware and Chesapeake bays, and of what would be called middling quality-the second parcel of bread into hasty pudding and laid to rise with 14/b. superwas made from flour of New-Jersey wheat, of a su- fine flour, 1 pint of yeast and 5 pints of water-the perior quality, well cleaned. Both parcels of wheat product was 21lb. 4oz. of bread; increase, 25 per were of the harvest of 1813.

The product of the first quantity of flour (12lb.) is at the rate of 145lb. 13oz. to 100lb. of flour.

The second parcel (14lb. of flour) produced at the rate of 146lb. 8oz. 4drs. to the 100lbs. of flour. The average of these two trials is an increase of 46lb. Ooz. 13 drs. per cent. which exceeds the British average by 50 per cent. Doubts may be enter

cent. The wheat of which the above flour was made was a mixture of the crops of 1813 and 1814, from the peninsula; the flour hot of good quality-the bread proved hard and unpleasant; whether owing to that cause or a want of milk in making it up, the product was much less than I expected.

1st mo. 25th, 1815.-3lbs. of Indian meal was made into hasty pudding, with 8 pints of water, and mixed up with 14lbs. of superfine flour, 2 pints of water *NOTE-The above observations of lord Sheffield, and i pint of yeast-the product was 23lbs. of bread; with respect to the product of wheat, do not accord an increase of 35 5-17 per cent. This wheat was of with the experience of millers in this neighborhood: the crop of 1814, quality tolerable-the grain from For, though our wheat probably contains less water the western shore of the Delaware. 9th mo. 13th, 1816-Having a parcel of good wheat than the in consequence of our cli- English wheat, mate being less humid, yet the quantity of filth that in the mill from Virginia, of the crop of the present is brought to market in the American wheat, owing year, 14lbs. of the flour of that wheat was laid to to the common method of treading it out, and to rise with 1 pint of "sotts," and made into dough other circumstances, causes a loss of from 2 to 5lb. with six pints of water. The bread, when nearly per bushel, instead of of a pound, including wa- cool, weighed 19 lbs. giving an increase of 41 per ter. The quantity of bran also (owing to like causes) cent. is, on an average of the different qualities of wheat,

11th mo. 9th-14lbs. of the flour of a good parcel

nearer 9 pounds than 5. By the word meal it is pre- of Virginia wheat was laid to rise (last evening) sumed that lord Sheffield intended to include every quality of the flour; but in the United States vari

*On measuring a pint of milk and weighing ous qualities of stuffs, superior to bran, are made it, (9th mo. 26th) it gave 1lb. 3oz.-the measure, from every parcel of wheat-viz. superfine, mid-such as is commonly made use of in this neighbordlings and ship stuff, for ship bread-and ship stuff hood. But, with respect to weights and measures, for horse-feed. The writer apprehends that the the community are pretty much in the state that British wheat is generally kiln-dried before it is Israel was when "every man did that which was manufactured; if that is the case it is probably much right in his own eyes," thanks to our congress, wlia drier than the American wheat when it comes into have it in their power to do a great good, by a judi cious regulation of weights and measures. the hand of the miller to be ground,

1

with 1 pint of "sotts" and made up this morning, Speaking of the lately established societies "ar

with 6 pints of water; the bread was weighed when quite cool and proved to be 214lbs. The weight of the bread in this instance exceeds that of the last experiment; owing, perhaps, to the wheat having parted with a portion of its water, by two months drying, and from the bread having been weighed when quite cool.

11th mo. 16th-14lbs. of flour was made up last evening with the usual quantity of yeast, and 7 pints of water-the product in bread, weighed when cool, was 21/bs. The flour of Virginia wheat.

11th mo. 30th-4lbs. of flour was kneaded with 4lbs. of boiled potatoes, and 2-3 of a pint of yeast -the product was 7lb. 13oz. bread.

Same time-4lbs. of flour, of same quality, was made up with 1 1-3 pint of water, 2-3 of a pint of yeast-product 6lb. 3oz of bread.

MILK WATER

45 13

Experiment No. 1-12lbs. of flour, 16.
7oz. of yeast and 5 pints of milk, pro- lbs. oz. lbs. oz.
duced an advance of, per cent.
Experiment No. 2-14lbs. of flour, 110.
7oz. of yeast, and 5 pints of milk-
product, 20tbs. 8oz. of bread, which
is equal to, per cent.

46 7

Average, milk mixture, per cent. 46 2

Experiment No. 3-14lbs. of flour, 1lb. 7oz. of yeast, and water--product, 19lbs. 12oz. of bread, which is, per

cent.

Experiment No. 4-14lbs. of flour, 116. 7oz. of yeast, 8 pints milk, and pint of water-product 21 lbs. bread -an advance equal to

Experiment No. 5-3lbs. of Indian corn meal, made into hasty pudding with water, 14lbs.superfine flour, 116. 7oz. of yeast, and 5 pints of water, pro. duced 21lbs. 4oz.-per cent.

Experiment No. 6-3lbs. of meal, made up as before, 14lbs of flour, 1lb. 7oz. of yeast, 2 pints of water-product, 23lbs. of bread-per cent.

Average, per cent.

Experiment No. 7-14lbs. of flour, 1lb. 7oz. of "sotts," and 6 pints of water -product, 19lbs. of bread; an, increase of, per cent.

*53 8

American Manufactures.

41 2

"promoting American manufactures," he has the following remarks in a private letter to the editor. of the REGISTER. We think he will pardon the liberty taken in giving them to the public, if he can believe, with us, that they are calculated to subserve the public good:

"The greatest enemy we have to fear at the present juncture is that drowsy indolence and stupid lethargy into which we are apt to fall after commencing an enterprize apparently with some degree of spirit. We commence, with a boastful and noisy zeal, and continue a little while an enterprize of high and lofty promise, just far enough to shew that we are more than a match for our enemy to alarm him completely and to awaken all his stratagems-we then fall asleep on the very threshold of victory, and quietly suffer the unsleeping enemy to gain possession of our arms and to tie our hands. Afterwards when we feel the triumphant and in. sulting scourge, with anger and impotence, we kick, threaten and scold. If we can produce and keep up excitement enough to operate as a preven. tive of this disgusting lethargy, we shall deserve well of our country."

At a regular meeting of "the society of the state of Delaware for the promotion of American manufac tures," held in Wilmington on the 5th April, Mr. Isaac Briggs offered the following resolutions, which, being considered, were unanimously adopted.

Resolved, as the opinion of this society, that the surplus produce of the industry of any nation, beyond the necessary wants of its own population, is the only sure foundation of its independence and wealth; and its only means of supporting the expences of its own government: That no nation can sell more of its surplus produce than other nations have an interest in buying-this interest will always be the measure of value-a greater orless quantity

25 00 may be exported, but the value received in return will be regulated by the interest of the buying nation.

Resolved, That although the maxim be old and 35 5 familiar, it is true, that a nation which imports a greater value than it can export, must soon become 60 5 poor, distressed, in debt, and finally despicable. The debtor is generally, in a certain measure a 30 24 slave to his creditor-and this is true of nations as well as of individuals. Labor is the foundation of wealth-and the nation which is wise enough to extend and multiply the objects of labor and to ap

41 00 ply it properly, so that every condition in society
may find the most suitable employment, will have
the smallest portion of idle population, and of
course will, in its trade with other nations, ensure
a balance in its favor, and plenty of specie, which
is the conventional measure of value between na-
tions, the basis of confidence in every other circu-
lating medium, and the oil which enables the grand
political machine to perform its functions with an

The intelligent and indefatigable Mr. Isaac Briggs,
who, perhaps, at least as well as any man in the U.
States, understands the true operation of domestic
manufactures on the welfare of a country; whose
truth-directed pen is always followed by convic-easy, regular and prosperous motion.

tion, though conversion may not succeed to the Resolved, That in our opinion, no maxim is more desired extent, through the trammels of preju. true than-"Let labor alone, and it will best regudice and the bustle and connections of business late itself"-but it is true only when its application -we are pleased to observe is still directing his is complete and universal; when partially and imefforts to the great concern of these establish- perfectly applied it is not true. If all nations would

ments. If success does not crown his exertions to be useful, he certainly deserves it; and the friends of manufactures have reason to be proud of such a champion to advocate their cause.

I suspect some error in this experiment.

faithfully adhere to this maxim, in their inter-national concerns, each nation might, not only safely do it, but would be unwise not to do it, internally. When the regulations of other nations affect partially, and derange our industry, it is a duty we owe to ourselves, by countervailing regulations, to