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Court, and all other officers of the United States, to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided every other State. And the Congress may by general for, and which shall be established by law; but the laws prescribe the manner in which such acts, records, Congress muy by law vest the appointment of such and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect inferior officers as they think proper in the President thereof. alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of depart

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SECTION 11.-Privilege of Citizens.

1. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to 2 all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several States,

2. A person charged in any State with treas in, felony, or other crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found in another State, shall, on demand of the Exec. utive authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the state having ju

1. He shall from time to time give to the Congress information of the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shull judge risdiction of the crime. necessary und expedient; he may, on extraordinary 3. No person held to service or labor in one State unoccasions, convene both Houses, or either of them,der the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in nud. in case of disagreement between them, with consequence of any law or regulation there, be dis respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn charged from such service or labor, but shall be deliv then to such time as he shall think proper; he shall ered up on claim of the party to whom such service receive ambassadors and other public ministers; hefor labor may be due. shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall commission all the officers of the United States.

SECTION IV.-Impeachment of Officers.

SECTION II.-New States.

1. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other State; nor

1. The President, Vice President, and all civil offi-any State be formed by the junction of two or more cers of the United States, shall be removed from office States, or parts of States, without the consent of the on impeachment for, and conviction of, treason, bri.eg slatures of the States concerned, as well as of the bery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. Cougress.

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2. The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the terrory or other property belonging to the United States and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any particolar State.

1. The Judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the Supreme and SECTION IV.-State Governments-Republican. inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good be- 1. The United States shall guaranty to every State havior, and shall, at stated times, receive for their in this Union a republican form of government, and services, a compensation which shall not be diminish-shall protect each of them against invasion; and on ed during their continuance in office.

application of the Legislature, or of the Executive, (when the Legislature cannot be convened,) against domestic violence.

ARTICLE V.-AMENDMENTS.

SECTION II.-Judicial Powers-Civil-Criminal. 1. The judicial power shall extend to all cases in law and equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and the treaties made, or which shall be made under their authority; to all cuses shall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to 1. The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both Houses affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and con- this Constitution, or, on the application of the Legis. suls; to all cases of admiralty and maritune jurisd c-latures of two-thirds of the several States, shall call a tion to controversies to which the United States Convention for proposing amendments, which in either shall be a party; to controversies between two or more case, shall be valid te all intents and purposes, as part State-between a State and citizens of another State of this Constitution, when ratiied by the Legislatures -between citizens of different States-between cit-of three-fourths of the several States, or by Conven. zens of the same State claiming lanes under grants of tions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other different States-and between a State, or the citizens mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress; thereof, and fore gn States, citizens or subjects. 2. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and provided that no amendment which may be made ministers and consuls, and those in which a State shall eight shall in any manner affect the first and fourth be a party, the Supreme Court sha!! have original juclauses in the ninth section of the first art ele; and risdiction In all the other cases before mentioned, that no State, without its consent, shall be deprived of the Supreme Court shali have appeilate juris iction, its equal suffrage in the Senate. both as to law and fact, with such exceptions, and under such regulations, as the Congress shall make. 3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impenchmeat, shall be by jury; and such trial shall be held into, before the adoption of this Constitution, shall be 1. All deb's contracted and engagements entered the State where the said crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed within any State, the as valid against the United States under this Constutral shall he at such place or places as the Congresstion, as under the confederation. may by law have directed.

SECTION III.-Treason.

ARTICLE VI.-DEBTS.

2. This Constitution, and the laws of the United Stres which shall be made in pursuance thereof; and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the 1. Treason against the United States, shall consist inw of the land; and the Judges in every State shall uthority of the United States, shall be the supreme only in levying war against them, or in adhering to be bound thereby, anything in the constitution or laws their enemies, giving thein aid and comfort. No per- of any State to the contrary notwithstanding. son shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimo-) ny of two witnesses to the same overt act, or oned, and the members of the several Store Legisla 3. The Senators and Representatives before mention. confession in open court. 2. The Congress shall have power to declare the of the United States and of the several States, shall be tires, and all executive and judic al officers both punishment of treason, but no attainder of treason shal bound by oath or affirmation, to support this Consti work corruption of blood, or forfeiture, except duringution; but no religious test shall ever be required as the life of the person attained. qualification to any office or public trust under the Uni ed States.

ARTICLE IV.-STATE RIGHTS. SECTION 1.-Restitution and Privileges. 1. Full fath and credit shall be given in each Stat

ARTICLE VII.-RATIFICATION.

1. The ratification of the conventions of nine States,

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UNITED STATES. shall be sufficient for the establishment of this Constitu-{ tion between the States so ratifying the same.

ARTICLE VIII.

Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive Done in Convention, by the unanimous consent of fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inthe States present, the seventeenth day of Septem-tiicted. ber, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and e ghty-seven, and of the Independence of the United States of America, the Twelith.

In witness whereof, we have hereunto subscribed

our names.

GEORGE WASHINGTON, President,
and Deputy from Virginia.

AMENDMENTS.

ARTICLE IX.

The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.

ARTICLE X.

The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.

ARTICLE XI.

The judicial power of the United States shall not Articles in addition to, and amendment of, the Con-be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity commenced er prosecuted »gainst one of the Uu ted stitution of the United States of America, pro- Stutes, by citizens of another State, or by citizens or posed by Congress, and ratified by the Leg slature subjects of any foreign state. of the several States, pursuant to the Fifth Article of the original Constitution.

ARTICLE I.

Congress shall make no law respecting an establish ment of religion, or prohib ting the free exercise there of: or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the pre-s; or the right of the people peaceably to assem ble, and to petit on the government for a redress of

grievances.

ARTICLE II.

A well regulated militia being necessary to the secu. rity of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed.

ARTICLE III.

No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war but in a manner to be prescribed by law.

ARTICLE XII.

The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for Pres dent and Vice President. one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves; they shal name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice Presi. dent; and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as Pre ilent, and of all persons voted for as Vice President, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the sent of government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate; the President of the Senate shall, in the presence f the Sennt and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted: the person having the greatest number of votes for President, shall be the President, if such number be a whole number of Electors appointed; and, if no permajority of the son have such major.ty, then, from the persons having the highest numbers, not exceeding three, on the list of those voted for as President. the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. But, in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each state having one vote: a quorum for this purpose, shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the States, and a major.ty of all the States shall be necessary to a choice, And if the House of Repre sentatives shall not choose a President whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them before the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice No person shall be held to answer for a capi.al or President shall act as President, us in the case of the otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or death or other constitutional disability of the President. indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in The person having the greatest number of votes as the land or naval forces, or in the militia when in ac- Vice President, shall be the Vice President, if such tual service, in time of war or public danger; nor shall number be a majority of the whole number of Elec-2 any person be subject, for the same offence, to be tors appointed; and, if no person have a majority, twice put in jeopardy of life or Imb; nor shall be then from the two highest numbers on the list, the Sencompelled in any criminal case to be a witness against ate shall choose the Vice President; a quorum for the himself; nor be deprived of life, liberty or property, purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number w thout due process of law; nor shall private property of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. be taken for public use without just compensation.

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In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy
the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impurtial
jury of the State and d str ct wherein the crime shall
If any citizen of the United States shall accept,
have been committed, wh ch district shall have been
previously ascertained by law; and to be informed claim, receive or retain, any title of nobility or honor,
or shall, without the consent of Congress, accept and
of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be con-
fronted with the witnesses against him; to have com. retain any present, pension, office, or emolument of
pulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his faver: any kind whatever, from any emperor, king, prince,
and to have the assistance of counsel for h.s defence.

ARTICLE VII.

In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty de llars, the right of trial by jury shall e preserved: and no fat tried by a jury shall be otherwise e-examined in any curt of the Un ted States, than according to the rules of the common law.

or foreign power, such person shall cease to be a citizen of the United States, and shall be incapable of holding any office of trust or profit under them, or either of them.

[Note.-The 11th article of the amendments to the Constitution, was proposed at the second session of the third Congress; the 12th article, at the first session of the eighth Congress; and the 13th arti cle, at the second session of the eleventh Congress.]

26

WASHINGTON'S

FAREWELL ADDRESS.

FRIENDS AND FELLOW-CITIZENS:

tions, contributed towards the organization and The period for a new election of a Citizen to administration of the Government, the best exadminister the Executive Government of the ertions of which a very fallible judgment was the United States being not far distant, and the capable. Not unconscious, in the outset, of the time actually arrived, when your thoughts inferiority of my qualifications, experience in must be employed in designating the person my own eyes perhaps still more in the eyes of who is to be clothed with that important trust, others, has strengthened the motives to diffiit appears to me proper, especially as it may dence of myself; and every day the increasing conduce to a more distinct expression of the weight of years admonishes me more and more, public voice, that I should now apprize you of that the shade of retirement is as necessary to the resolution I have formed, to decline being me as it will be welcome. Satisfied that considered among the number of those out of circumstances have given peculiar value to my whom a choice is to be made. services, they were temporary, I have the conI beg you, at the same time, to do me the solation to believe, that while choice and prujustice to be assured, that this resolution has not dence invite me to quit the political scene, pabeen taken, without a strict regard to all the triotism does not forbid it.

any

considerations appertaining to the relation, In looking forward to the moment which is which binds a dutiful citizen to his Country; to terminate the career of my public life, my and that, in withdrawing the tender of service, feelings do not permit me to suspend the deep which silence in my situation might imply. I acknowledgment of that debt of gratitude am influenced by no diminution of zeal for which I owe to my beloved Country, for the your future interest; no deficiency of grateful many honors it has conferred upon me; still respect for your past kindness; but am sup- more for the steadfast confidence with which it ported by a full conviction that the step is com- has supported me; and for the opportunities I patible with both. have thence enjoyed of manifesting my invio-S The acceptance of, and continuance hitherto lable attachment by services faithful and persein the office to which your suffrages have vering, though in usefulness unequal to my twice called me, have been a uniform sacrifice zeal. If benefits have resulted to our Country of inclination to the opinion of duty, and to a from these services, let it always be rememberdeference for what appeared to be your desire. ed to your praise, and as an instructive examI constantly hoped that it would have been ple in our annals, that under circumstances in much earlier in my power, consistently with which the passions, agitated in every direction motives which I was not at liberty to disegard, were liable to mislead, amidst appearances to return to that retirement from which I had sometimes dubious-vicissitudes of fortune, ofbeen reluctantly drawn. The strength of my ten discouraging, in situations in which, not uninclination to do this, previous to the last elec- frequently, want of success has countenanced tion, had even led to the preparation of an Ad- the spirit of criticism-the constancy of your dress to declare it to you; but mature reflection support was the essential prop of the efforts, on the then perplexed and critical posture of and a guaranty of the plans by which they our affairs with foreign nations, and the unani- were effected. Profoundly penetrated with mous advice of persons entitled to my confi- this idea, Ishall carry it with me to my grave, dence, impelled me to abandon the idea. as a strong incitement to unceasing vows, that

I rejoice that the state of your concerns, ex- Heaven may continue to you the choicest toternal as well as internal, no longer renders the kens of its beneficence--that your union and pursuit of inclinations incompatible with the brotherly affection may be perpetual-that the sentiment of duty or propriety; and am persua- free Constitution, which is the work of your ded whatever partiality may be retained for hands, may be sacredly maintained-that its my services, that in the present circumstances administration in every department may be of our Country, you will not disapprove of my stamped with wisdom and virtue-that, in fine, determination to retire. the happiness of the people of these States, unThe impressions with which I first under-der the auspices of Liberty, may be made comtook the arduous trust, were explained on the plete, by so careful a preservation and so pruproper occasion. In the discharge of this trust, dent a use of this blessing, as will acquire to will only say, that I have with good inten- them the glory of recommending it to the ap

plause, the affection and adoption of every na-ples. You have in a common cause fought tion which is yet a stranger to it. and triumphed together; the independence and Here, perhaps, I ought to stop. But solici- liberty you possess are the work of joint countude for your welfare, which cannot end but cils and joint efforts, of common dangers, sufferwith my life, and the apprehension of danger ings and successes.

sion.

natural to that solicitude, urge me, on an occa- But these considerations, however powerfulsion like the present, to offer to your solemnly they address themselves to your sensibility, contemplation, and to recommend to your fre- are greatly outweighed by those which apply quent review, some sentiments which are the more immediately to your interest. Here every result of much reflection, of no inconsiderable portion of our Country finds the most commandobservation, and which appears to me all-im- ing motives for carefully guarding and preserv portant to the permanency of your felicity as a ing the union of the whole. people. These will be offered to you with the The North, in an unrestrained intercourse more freedom, as you can only see in them the with the South, protected by the equal laws of disinterested warnings of a parting friend, who a common Government, finds in the productions can possibly have no personal motive to bias of the latter, great additional resources of mari his counsel. Nor can I forget, as an encour-time and commercial enterprize, and precious agement to it, your indulgent reception of my materials of manufacturing industry. The sentiments on a former and not dissimilar occa- South in the same intercourse; benefiting by the agency of the North, sees its agriculture? Interwoven as is the love of Liberty with grow, and its commerce expand. Turning? every ligament of your hearts, no recommenda- partly into its own channels the seamen of the tion of mine is necessary to fortify or confirm North, it finds its particular navigation invigothe attachment. rated-and while it contributes, in different The unity of government which constitutes ways, to nourish and increase the general mass you one people, is also now dear to you. It is of the national navigation, it looks forward to justly so; for it is a main pillar in the edifice of the protection of a maritime strength, to which your real independence, the support of your itself is unequally adapted. The East, in a like tranquility at home, your peace abroad; of your intercourse with the West, already finds, and safety; of your prosperity; of that very Liber- in the progressive improvement of interior comty which you so highly prize. But, as it is easy munication, by land and water, will more and to foresee, that from different causes and from more find a valuable bent for the commodities different quarters, much pains will be taken, which it brings from abroad, or manufactures many artifices employed, to weaken in your at home. The West derives from the East minds the conviction of this truth; as this is the supplies requisite to its growth and comfortpoint in your political fortress, against which and what is perhaps of still greater consethe batteries of internal and external enemies quence, it must of necessity owe the secure enwill be most constantly and actively (though joyment of indispensable outlets for its own) often covertly and insidiously) directed, it is of productions to the weight, influence, and the infinite moment that you should properly esti- future maritime strength of the Atlantic side of mate the immense value of your National Un- the Union, directed by an indissoluble commuion; to your collective and individual happi- nity of interest as one Nation. Any other tenness; that you should cherish a cordial, habitual ure by which the West can hold this essential and immoveable attachment to it; accustoming advantage, whether derived from its own sepyourselves to think and speak of it as of the arate strength. or from an apostate and unnatupalladium of your political safety and prosperi- ral connection with any foreign power, must ty, watching for its preservation with jealous be intrinsically precarious. anxiety; discountenancing whatever may sug- While, then, every part of our Country thus gest even a suspicion that it can in any event feels an immediate and particular interest in be abandoned; and indignantly frowning upon union, all the parts combined cannot fail to find the first dawning of every attempt to alienate in the united mass of means and efforts, greater any portion of our country from the rest, or to strength, greater resource, proportionably greatenfeeble the sacred ties which now link toge- er security from external danger, a less frether the various parts. quent interruption of their peace by foreign naFor this you have every inducement of sym- tions; and, what is of inestimable value, they pathy and interest. Citizens, by birth or must derive from union an exemption from choice, of a common Country, that Country has broils and wars between themselves, which so a right to concentrate your affections. The frequently afflict neighboring countries, not tied name of AMERICAN, which belongs to you in together by the same government; which their your national capacity, must always exalt the own rivalships alone would be sufficient to projust pride of patriotism, more than any appella- duce, but which opposite foreign alliances, attion derived from local discriminations. With tachments and intrigues would stimulate and slight shades of difference, you have the same embitter. Hence, likewise, they will avoid religion, manners, habits and political princi- the necessity of those overgrown military es

tablishments, which under any form of govern-sever them from their brethren, and connect ment, are inauspicious to Liberty, and which them with aliens?

are to be regarded as particularly hostile to Re- To the efficacy and permanency of your Unpublican Liberty. In this sense it is, that your ion, a government for the whole is indispensaUnion ought to be considered as a main prop of ble. No alliances, however strict, between the your Liberty, and that the love of the one parts can be an adequate substitute; they must one ought to endear you to the preservation of inevitably experience the infractions and interthe other.

ruptions which all alliances in all times have experienced. Sensible of this momentous These considerations speak a persuasive language to every reflecting and virtuous mind, by the adoption of a constitution of government truth, you have improved upon your first essay, and exhibit the continuance of the Union as a better calculated than your former for an intiprimary object of a patriotic desire. Is there a mate Union, and for the efficacious management doubt, whether a common Government can em- of your common concerns. This Government. brace so large a sphere? Let experience solve the offspring of your own choice. uninfluenced it. To listen to mere speculation in such a and unawed,adopted upon full investigation, and case were criminal. We are authorized to mature deliberation, completely free in its prinhope that a proper organization of the whole, with the auxiliary agency of governments for ciples, in the distribution of its powers, uniting the respective subdivisions, will afford a happy self a provision for its own amendment, has a security with energy, and containing within itIssue to the experiment. It is well worth a fair and full experiment With such powerful just claim to your confidence and your support. Respect for its authority, compliance with its and obvious motives to union, affecting all parts. of our Country, while experiment shall not have laws, acquiescence in its measures, are dutics demonstrated its impracticability, there will al- enjoined by the fundamental maxims of true Liberty. The basis of our political systems is ways be reason to distrust the patriotism of the right of the people to make and to alter those who, in any quarter, may endeavor to their constitutions of government. But the Constitution which at any time exists, until In contemplating the causes which may dis- changed by an explicit and authentic act of the turb our Union, it occurs as a matter of serious whole people, is sacredly obligatory upon all. concern that any grounds should have been The very idea of the power and the right of the furnished for characterizing parties, by geo-people to establish government, pre-supposes graphical discrimination-Northern and South- the duty of every individual to obey the estabern Atlantic and Western; whence designing lished Government.

weaken its bands.

men may endeavor to excite a belief, that there All obstructions to the execution of the laws, is a real difference of local interests and views. all combinations and associations, under whatOne of the expedients of party to acquire influ- ever plausible character, with the real design? ence, within particular districts, is to misrepre- to direct, control, counteract or awe the regular sent the opinions and aims of other districts.- deliberation and action of the constituted authoYou cannot shield yourselves too much against rities, are destructive of this fundamental printhe jealousies and heart-burnings which spring ciple, and of fatal tendency. They serve to orfrom these misrepresentations; they tend to ganize faction-to give it an artificial and extrarender alien to each other, those who ought to ordinary force-to put in the place of the delebe bound together by fraternal affection. The gated will of the Nation, the will of a party,) inhabitants of our Western country have lately often a small but artful and enterprising minorhad a useful lesson on this head. They have ity of the community; and, according to the alseen in the negotiation by the Executive, and ternate triumphs of different parties, to make in the unanimous ratification by the Senate, of the public administration the mirror of the illthe Treaty with Spain, and in the universal concerted and incongruous projects of faction, satisfaction at the event throughout the United rather than the organ of consistent and wholeStates, a decisive proof how unfounded were some plans digested by common councils, and the suspicions propagated among them, of a po modified by mutual interests. licy in the General Government and in the At- However combinations or associations of the lantic States unfriendly to their interests in re-above description may now and then answer? gard to the Mississippi; they have been wit- popular ends, they are likely, in the course of nesses to the formation of two Treaties, that time and things, to become potent energies, by with Great Britain and that with Spain, which which cunning, ambitious and unprincipled secure to them every thing they could desire. men will be enabled to subvert the power of in respect to our foreign relations, towards con- the people, and to usurp for themselves the firming their prosperity. Will it not be their reins of government; destroying afterwards the wisdom to rely for the preservation of these ad- very engines which have lifted them to unjust vantages on the Union by which they were dominion.

procured? Will they not henceforth be deaf Towards the preservation of your Governto those advisers, if such there are, who would 'ment, and the permanency of your present hap

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