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No. 227.

REVIEWS

British America. By John Macgregor. 2 vols. 8vo. Blackwood, Edinburgh; Cadell, London.

THIS is a valuable work. It is the production of a gentleman of practical knowledge and observation, who lived long in the land of which he writes; who made himself acquainted with the soil, the produce, the inland seas-for we cannot call them lakesthe rivers, the mountains, the fruits, birds and beasts, of both the Canadas; who was the companion alike of their civilized and savage inhabitants; and examined into the state of commerce and agriculture, manufactures, and fisheries, and, in short, made himself master of much that is necessary to enable him to become their historian. He has other qualities: he indulges in no flights of fancy or Utopian speculations, and tells us the results of his inquiries and observations in a plain straightforward way, without seeking after embellishments of style, or going astray after harmonious elegance of diction. We must, however, acknowledge, that he lacks some small skill in natural arrangement, and would have been more to our liking had he communicated his knowledge in language more graceful and easy. We cannot, we are afraid, have all things as we wish; it would not be difficult to find a style more concise and simple, but it might not be equally easy to find so much knowledge of the subject; we are therefore thankful. Indeed, it is a work we are truly glad to see; it has come in a good time, and points out clothing and food, and home and happiness, to the almost famishing millions who at present fill this island with sorrow and with fear.

Our historian treats of those times when, in an unwise war with her children, Britain lost the fairest jewel of her crown. The genius of Washington, and the wisdom of Franklin, reduced our possessions, after a brief struggle, to the limits of the Canadas and Nova Scotia, and raised on the liberated continent a magnificent structure of that order called republican, which has already outlived a dozen gingerbread republics of the French fashion, and which, we hope, will live as long as men are worthy of freedom. "And is it of this cold and sterile region," a friend said, to whom we showed the book, "that a man has been found to write a history--it is a land where man holds a constant contest with nature for subsistence and lifewhere snows are nearly eternal, and summer comes in a sudden gush, as if it were desirous to be gone--why what can he say about it?" It is thus that many speak: wild lakes, dark wildernesses, snowy mountains, savages and starvation, are held out as worse than the countless miseries of the motherland; and the intimidated Englishman consents to

live, ground to the dust with poor-rates and taxation, nay, to sup out of a parochial spoon, rather than achieve independence and plenty in our extensive colonies. It is very true that Canada is not England; summer is there more fervent, and winter more cold: yet, on the whole, it is healthy, and produces all the necessaries and all the luxuries of life, in overflowing abundance. We speak advisedly -and not through our historian alone :—a friend of ours, every way qualified to speak on such a subject, and incapable of falsehood, assures us, that he went from the feverish heat of the West Indies to the snowy Canadas without any inconvenience, and that he found the winters dry and bracing, the summers healthy and pleasant, and all the enjoyments and necessaries which the heart could desire. In short, the evils which abound are those of the imagination. The detailed account which Mr. Macgregor gives, will aid in dispelling all illusions, and we now turn ourselves to his pages for a vindication of our views; though it is almost needless to say more than that in 1783 the population of our North American posses

sions amounted to 193,000, that they are now 1,350,000; and such is the extent and

souls.

The account which our historian gives of the summer months in Canada is a favour

able specimen of his way of handling his subject, and an instance of his accuracy:

reflecting with precision every visible object, either in the heavens or on the earth. The moon

shines with a soft, silverlike brilliancy, and, during her retirement, the stars are seen in their utmost effulgence. Fishes of various species sport on the water; the singular note of whip-poor-will is heard from the woods; the fire-fly floats on the air, oscillating its vivid sparks; and, where the hand of man has subdued the forest, and laid the ground under the control of husbandry, may be heard the voice of the milkmaid, or the drowsy tinkling of the

distant fold.' In another direction may often be seen the light of the birch torch, which the Mick-mack Indian uses in the prow of his canoe, while engaged with his spear in fishing." i. 124-5.

The winter is likewise correctly described -suffice it to say, that the snow lies deep, the frost is such as to make men, as Cobbett said, skip and jump, and that summer succeeds without the medium of more than a day or so of spring. We shall leave, too, the trees, both fruitful and barren, for the present undescribed; nor say one word about the wild fowl, which sometimes darken the

air with their numbers; nor allude to the

birds which make those magnificent forests vocal with song; nor shall we be tempted capability of the country, that it could sup-into a disquisition on those beauteous animals port between thirty and forty millions of which bear furs for no other purpose but to make themselves acceptable to the British ladies. We prefer quoting part of the account which these volumes contain, of the great fishery at Newfoundland-for, after all, the beautiful must permit something to be said about the useful. We are concerned, however, to say, that not more than eight or ten British vessels are employed in the Bank fishery; formerly there were six or seven hundred; this valuable nursery for seamen, and the source once of much wealth, is abandoned, we know not for what reason, to the

"In latitudes south of 50° N. the southerly winds, at this period, combat and overcome, as it were, those of the north, and, restoring warmth to the air, fine weather becomes permanent. All the birds common in summer make their appearance early in May, and enliven the woods with their melody; while the frogs, those American nightingales, or, as they are often called, bog choristers, also strain their Vegetation proceeds with evening concerts. surprising quickness: wheat and oats are sown, the fields and deciduous trees assume their verdure; various indigenous and exotic flowers blow; and the smiling face of nature is truly delightful, and in grateful unison with the most agreeable associations.

"In June, July, and August, the weather is excessively hot, sometimes as hot as in the West Indies, the mercury being 90° to 100° Fahrenheit. Showers from the south-west, sometimes accompanied with thunder and lightning, occur during these months about once a-week, or every ten days, which generally shift the wind to the north-west, and produce for a short time an agreeable coolness.

"The nights at this season exceed in splendour the most beautiful ones in Europe. To pourtray them in their true colours, would re

quire more than any language can accomplish,

or any pencil, but that of imagination, can execute. The air, notwithstanding the heat of the preceding day, is always pure; the sea generally unruffled, and its surface one vast mirror,

Americans and French.

"The boats used for the shore fishery are of different sizes; some requiring only two hands, while others have four, which is the general number. It is not uncommon to observe boys and girls, when cod is plentiful, fishing in these boats. Every fisherman is provided with two lines, having to each two hooks; both lines are thrown over at the same time, one on each side of the boat, to which one man attends. The kind of bait in season used, is such as herring, mackerel, caplins, squid, clams, and, when none of these are to be had, the flesh of birds. The entrails of fish taken with jiggers, and what is found within them, is also used for bait. A jigger is a piece of lead made into the form of a small fish, with two hooks fixed into its mouth, and turned outwards in opposite directions. It is made fast to a line, which is thrown over into the sea, and by jerking it up and down, the hooks frequently fasten into the cod or other

fish; the cod, which is probably the most voracious fish we know, also darts at, and swallows, the artificial fish with the hooks fastened to it. By these methods vast quantities of cod are

caught. Seines are also used to catch cod; and vast numbers are hauled ashore on the coast of Labrador in this manner.

"When the boats are stationed on the fishing ground, which is sometimes within the harbours, and, in the first of the season, near the shore, the men sit or stand at equal distances from the gunwales, and each attends to his own lines. So abundant are the fish at times, that a couple of cod are hooked on each line before the lead reaches the bottom; and while the one line is running out, the fisherman has only to turn round and pull in the other, with a fish on each hook. In this way they fill the boat in a very short time. If the cod be very large, it is lifted into the boat, as soon as it comes to the water's edge, by a strong iron hook fixed on the end of a short pole, called a gaft. As soon as the boat is loaded, they proceed to the stage on the shore with the fish, when the operations of splitting and salting succeed. Fish should be brought to the shore within forty-eight hours at farthest after it is caught. When plentiful, the boats often return in two or three hours, and push away again immediately after the fish is thrown on the stage." i. 226-8.

We must leave industry at sea to examine industry on shore: and here we may as well say at once, that to the carelessly idle, or the man unacquainted with labour, Canada is an untillable and unfruitful desert; whereas to him who has strength of body and skill of hand, it is capable of becoming something of a paradise. Fish swarm in the rivers as well as in the lakes and seas; the wood is of the finest quality, and grows in vast quantities; the ground produces all sorts of grain, and all kinds of useful vegetables, and land can be had for a few shillings the acre. Children are there a blessing-in England they are but too often regarded as an incumbrance. Listen to what a well-informed man says on the subject:

"As to the classes to which British America offers inducements to emigrate, much will depend upon individual character; but it may, however, be observed, that in consequence of the high price of labour, gentlemen farmers do not generally succeed, and the condition of new countries does not admit of new establishments. The settlers who thrive soonest, are men of steady habits, and accustomed to labour.

"Practical farmers, possessing from 2007. to 6007., may purchase, in any of the colonies, farms with from twenty to thirty acres cleared, which may be cultivated agreeably to the system of husbandry practised in the United Kingdom. The embarrassed circumstances of many of the old settlers, brought on by improvidence, or by having engaged in the timber business, will compel them to sell their farms, and commence again on woodlands.

"Joiners, stone-masons, saddlers, shoemakers, tailors, blacksmiths, cart, mill, and wheelwrights. and (in the seaports) coopers, may always find employment. Brewers may succeed; but in a few years there will be more encouragement for them. Butchers generally do well. For spinners, weavers, or those engaged in manufac tures, there is not the smallest encouragement. "Active labouring men and women may always secure employment, kind treatment, and good wages.

"To gentlemen educated for the professions of law, divinity, or physic, British America offers no flattering prospects. There are already too many lawyers, as they are admitted as attor neys and barristers on serving an apprenticeship of four or five years in the colonies. There are, of the Established Church, notwithstanding the astounding statement made some time ago by Archdeacon Strachan, to the Secretary of State

for the Colonies, fully more clergymen, in proportion to the members of the church, than in England. The members of the Kirk of Scotland, as soon as a sufficient number to support a clergyman settle within a reasonable distance of each other, generally send for a minister to Scotland. Antiburghers, Baptists, and Methodists, have preachers in every settlement where they have members, or can gain hearers. The Roman Catholic Church is respectably established its clergy well supported; and no class interferes less with other persuasions than they do, or are more peaceable, or better members of society." i. 454-6.

We must, for the present, quit these volumes; we shall, however, find time next week to speak of the line of defence between the United States and Canada-of the canals

and other public works which have been planned or are in progress—of our trade, and of our prospects, and all such matters as are of importance to the country, and to emigrants in particular.

The Phenomena of Dreams, and other Transient Illusions. By Walter C. Dendy. Whittaker & Co.

A plague upon philosophers and philosophy! Hourly the progress of knowledge deprives us of some sweet illusion, and transfers new provinces from the delightful dominions of Fancy, to the dull, cold, and dreary republic of Facts. The last stronghold of the "Faery-Goddess" has been assaulted, her best and most faithful subjects violently torn from their allegiance; ghosts, spectres, visions of the night, the unsubstantial forms of darkness, have at length submitted to the rule and square of classification, and have been driven into categories, there to repose like mummies in their catacombs-objects of curiosity to all, but of exciting interest to none. Time was, when the entire science of mind submitted to the sway of Fancy; when a work on Metaphysics was as amusing and readable as a modern novel; and when the student was enlivened by such descriptions as the following, which, if not very accurate, is at least sufficiently humorous: "Whence we may compare the powers of the mind to a court of judicature; the outward senses being as the solicitors that bring the causes; the common sense as the master of requests, who receives all their informations; the phantasy, (or imagination,) like the lawyers and advocates, that bandy the business to and fro in several forms, with a deal of noise and bustle; each party's pretensions, pronounces an upright reason as the judge, that, having calmly heard sentence; and memory, as the clerk, records the whole preceedings."— General History of Dreams, 1707.

But such general and lively descriptions will not satisfy an acute and accurate observer like Mr. Dendy; he must find out the causes of all the airy forms that flutter round our pillows, and trace their origin in the physical world. His philosophy grates on the mind of him who has indulged in fitful fancies, full as much as the Quaker's coarse description of Paganini's melody would on an enthusiastic lover of music-" He," said the unimpassioned friend, "has a curious bowels of a cat, and making a sound which skill in drawing the tail of a horse over the people call music." In like manner Mr. Dendy derives those scenes, which restore to us the joys of happy childhood, when hope was young, and life so joyous that mere existence was felt to be a pleasure-simply,

From rising fumes of undigested food,
And noxious humours that disturb the blood.

It is not our purpose to enter into a long and grave metaphysical or physical discussion of this theory; we shall rather make some few desultory remarks on the subjects of dreams, to which we think sufficient attention has not been paid.

The power of composition in a dream, of which Coleridge's' Kubla Khan' is so curious manifested. But there are few students who an example, seems to be regarded as rarely

do not remember instances of it in their own experience. The first recorded verses composed in sleep that we have seen, have, what in these days may be probably be deemed the additional recommendation of being produced by an uneducated poetess. "They were," says the author, "written down from the mouth of a servant-maid, who used to talk in her sleep, and frequently spoke sensible speeches and songs.'

You may go home and wash your hose,
And wipe the dew-drops from your nose,
And mock no maidens here;
For you tread down grass, and need not
Wear your shoes and speed not;
And clout-leather's very dear;
But I need not care, for my sweet-heart
Is a cobler.

General History of Dreams, 1707. But we have known the stranger instance of a person's dreaming the right solution of a geometrical problem, which he had given up in despair when awake; and what is more remarkable, the mode of solution was essentially different from all the methods he had tried before going to bed; nor had he any recollection of any previous steps leading him to the discovery. This fact we think scarcely consistent with the assertion, that dreaming is always attended by a suspension of the judgment.

To what has been said, by Mr. Dendy and others, on the inaccurate measure of time in dreaming, may be added the result of an experiment which we have seen tried. If a person dreaming be suddenly roused by a loud noise, the pricking of a pin, or a violent shake, and asked the subject of his dream, you will find him detail a series of occurrences all connected with the cause by which his sleep was broken, but spreading over many days and sometimes years, though the operation of the cause was instantaneous. This psychological fact appears first to have been observed by the Arabians, and it is the subject of some of their most curious tales.

To somnambulism and insanity, is supposed to belong the curious affection of the memory being continuous from fit to fit, and taking no heed of intervening occurrences. But that this belongs also to dreams, in some instances, may be observed in that very extraordinary composition, Archbishop Laud's Journal; for that weak-minded man regularly recorded his "visions of the night," while he took no heed of the more boding portents of coming events that were manifest by day. We have ourselves known instances of dreams being continued after the lapse of several months, without any consciousness of the interval.

pose, say a word or two on Mr. Dendy's Before we take leave, we must, we supwork; it is occupied by the opinions of various philosophers, collected from Aristotle to Hume, from Pyrrho to Berkeley, on the nature and cause of dreams; diversified with poetical descriptions of sleep from ancient adn

T

belaboured the rascal: his yells were dreadful; he was wild with terror, and looked like a maniac. I never ceased till I had broken the buttend of the cue over him, and till he was motionless." i. 124-126.

Our hero having succeeded in making his escape, he says

"I gave vent to my joy, and played as many antics as a madman broke loose from his chains. I spurred my willing horse on to the centre of the sandy waste, hallooing and screaming myself hoarse with rapture. I drew the sabre De Ruyter had given me, and flourished it about, regardless of my horse's head and ears. As I lost sight of the town gate, I pulled in my foaming steed; then looking around, and seeing nothing human, I dismounted, when patting the horse's reeking neck, I exclaimed: 'Here we are, thou only honest creature, free at last! The spell of my bondage is broken! Who shall command me now? I will obey no one; I will have no other guide than my instinct; no one's will shall be nine; I am for my own free impulses! Who dare attempt to replace the yoke around my neck? Let him come here? I'll not move from this spot, though pursued by all the men in the fleet and garrison!" i. 132-3.

In the evening, he arrived at a village inhabited by public women, entered one of the huts, drank himself into a phrensy, and set fire to the habitation.

At sea with his friend De Ruyter, they fell in with a Malay vessel, and attacked her. The Malays made a noble defence, which elicited the exclamation from De Ruyter of, “Damn their impudence-they shall have enough of it!" Our hero boarded, but "with rage and disappointment" returned unsuccessful:

:

At daylight, De Ruyter came to the determination of sinking her; which we reluctantly did, by opening a fire with our largest guns, and red-hot shot, which had been prepared during the night. Symptoms of fire from below soon made their appearance; smoke slowly arose; several explosions of powder took place; the smoke arose darker, and in masses; at last we saw the savages themselves crawling up on allfours upon deck. Their guns having been thrown overboard by us, they could make no defence. Streams of fire now burst out of her hatchways and port-holes. On the balls going though her, our Arabs swore they saw the gold-dust, and pearls, and rubies, fly out of her on the opposite side. I cannot say I did; nor could I smell the otto of roses, which they affirmed was running out of her scuppers like a fountain. I saw nothing but the dense flames and smoke, and the poor devils swarming up and jumping into the waves, preferring death by water to fire and balls, for they had no other choice. Though we lowered our boats to pick them up, not one approached them; and the boats did not near the vessel, fearing her blowing up. She appeared to have an immense number of men; not less than two hundred and fifty to three hun

dred.

"Having given over firing, we lay at some distance, intently gazing at her. After an explosion, louder than the loudest thunder, which vibrated through the air, we could see nothing but a black cloud on the waters, enveloping all around, like a pall, and darkening the heavens; and where the pirate had been was only to be distinguished by the bubbling commotion and dashing ripple of the sea, like the meeting of the tides, or where a whale has been harpooned, and sunk. Huge fragments of the ship, masts, tackling, and men, all shattered and rent, lay mingled around in a wide circle. Some dark heads still above the surface, awaiting, as it were, the utmost of our malice, faintly yelled their last war-cry in defiance; then a few bubbles

shewed where they had been. Her hull was driven down stern-foremost, and her grave filled up on the instant." i. 233-235.

We had marked for extract another passage of a similar nature, in which the victims are stated to have been chiefly women and children; but the cowardly atrocity of the whole affair, is too revolting.

Where is the utility, it may be asked, of drawing a character of this kind, in which there is not a single redeeming point? We do not know. It appears to us, that the author, in imagining a fictitious autobiography, (for we now perceive it can be nothing else,) has been misled by sheer ignorance and want of taste. He is a writer, nevertheless, of considerable natural power, and a little education might have done wonders with him. The fashionable public, we apprehend, are rather fond than otherwise of extravagance; and, perhaps, the greatest bar in the way of a rapid sale for the books, is in the extreme grossness of the language. Lord Byron, for instance, may awaken only a smile, when he tells us that he "hates a dumpy woman!" but when the Younger Son, in expressing the same thing, says that he "loathes greasy and haunchy brutes, as Moses and Mahomet loathe swine," we shrink with disgust. By way of contrast, we quote one of the very few passages in the book, that can awaken a kindly feeling towards the writer. His young Indian wife had found accidentally an ugly fetid flower, which she kissed with rapture, on which he made

some ill-mannered remarks:

"I suppose I was instigated to make this rude speech by her fondling and kissing it. Her dark eyes expanded; and she seemed, for an instant, to view me with astonishment, then their brightness was gone, and the long jetty with sorrow; as they closed, I perceived that fringe, which arched upwards as it pressed her

cheek, was covered with little pearly dew-drops.

The branch fell from her hand under my feet, her sprightly form drooped, and the tones of her voice reminded me of the time when she

hung over her dying parent, as she said'Pardon me, stranger! I had forgotten you are not of my father's land. This tree covered my father's tent, sheltered us from the sun, and kept away the flies, when we slept in the day. Our virgins wreathe it in their hair, and, if they help loving it better than any thing. But, die, it is strewed over their graves. So, I can't since you say it makes you sick, I won't love it, or gather it any more.' Then her words became almost inarticulate from sobbing, as she added, Why should I wear it now? I belong to a stranger! My father is gone!" ii. 101-2.

We have devoted a little more space to these volumes than they fairly deserve; but, the eccentricities of the reputed author, will probably attract a good deal of attention to the work, and we have thought it our duty to give the reader some notion of what he may really expect.

The Mother's Book. By Mrs. Child. 1832. Glasgow, Griffin; London, Tegg. We owe an apology to the publishers of' The Mother's Book' for having so long delayed to notice it, but as the subject is neither local nor ephemeral, the little volume is as well worth perusal and purchase to-day, as it was six weeks ago. We think most highly of Mrs. Child † as an acute, judicious, well-affec

The Little Girl's Own Book' by Mrs. Child, was reviewed in the Athenæum, No. 185, and spoken of

tioned writer on that difficult science, the instruction and amusement of the young. She writes from experience; she does not theorize; she does not attempt to make education a bulky, intricate, expensive system; she does not sacrifice the entire time and comfort of elderhood to youth;-there is a wise admixture of passive with active agency recommended, and a spirit of truthful dealing and affectionate honesty upheld, which cannot be too highly praised. Indeed, the great merit of The Mother's Book' is, that it does not give strings of injunctions and prohibitions, but leads the reader to imply the great axiom

-that the main instruments in education are the looks, words, and actions of parents, not as instructors, but as characters. "Love your children, and make yourself worthy of their love," would make no bad household motto, in the place of a hundred theories and systems of management. It is less talent that is wanted than temper, self-control, good sense, and single-heartedness. One great source of misery and mischief is to be sought in the insane vanity which leads many "pastors and masters" to determine peremptorily what a child shall or shall not be shall or shall not attain; thus making themselves guide-posts to some particular goal, instead of remembering that it is the birthright of every child to have his natural bias consulted. One teacher does not allow fiction-another objects to history; one dreads enterpriseanother pedantry; one is dying to see the protégé clever-another would be terrified at such a result: preconceived notions and arbitrary intentions make education too often a mere game of cross purposes, and instead of Dieu dispose, it is papa, and mama, and the governess-or some grave dealer in Memoria Mr. Chesshyre did the body-as something Technica, who regards the mind as the late which, if inclined to one side, must be

twisted and screwed to the other. Now, we would remind such arbitrators of intellect, that all dispositions, all talents, all modes of mental energy, are, when perfectly developed, and rightly applied, means of individual and extensive good: that when cultivated in accordance with nature, every mind is honourable; and only when wrested from the intent of nature is any mind contemptible. "There But these remarks are leading us astray from are diversities of gifts, but the same spirit." 'The Mother's Book,' which mainly considers education in its earliest stages. Mrs. Child begins with babyhood, and leaves off before matrimony: between the teeth, however, and the teens lies an extensive sphere; and her remarks on the chief subjects that intervene we highly approve of in the main. Those that we do not agree with, we cannot particularize, because it would betray us into controversy. As a whole, The Mother's Book,' without laying claim to any original views or profound remarks on human nature, has the great merit of being condensed, sensible, and gentle-hearted. The two first chapters, in reference to infancy, are particularly worthy maternal attention. There are one or two peculiarities which mark the book to be American; and we could have wished that, with no less

with the warmest commendation. It appears, by our applications were shortly after unsuccessfully made to answer to correspondents, on the 4th of June, that several us to know where the book could be purchased; and we now recur to the subject, merely to say, that copies have lately been received from America by Mr. Kennett, 59, Great Queen Street, Lincoln's Inn Fields.