absolute poverty adults Alkire analysis approach assessment average Bangladesh chapter child deprivation child policies child poverty child poverty measurement child well-being childhood children living cut-off Delamonica Demographic and Health deprivation index deprivation rate developing countries dimensions economic effects estimates example families gender girls Global Study Gordon groups growth Haiti headcount Health Survey Human Development human rights impact Indicator Cluster Survey inequality Iran measurement of child methodology Millennium Development Goals Minujin moderate deprivation monetary multidimensional child poverty multidimensional poverty Multiple Indicator Cluster Nations Children’s Fund number of children nutrition OECD outcomes Oxford parents poor children population Poverty and Disparities poverty line poverty rates poverty threshold programmes reduce region severe deprivation shelter Social Policy social protection South Asia standard of living Sub-Saharan Africa Table Tanzania threshold Townsend UNCRC UNICEF United Nations United Nations Children’s University urban World Bank Young Lives