lamentable of all in the text-books in Spanish used by the students of that language.

It seemed to me, therefore, that there was great need of and that the time was ripe for a book which, while affording the student of Spanish abundant exercise in the reading of that tongue, would at the same time give him some adequate idea of the physical aspects of the various Southern republics, their commercial and transportation routes, their agricultural and industrial products, the opportunities they offer for business and industrial investment, and the manners and customs of the people themselves together with their social and political creeds and aspirations, as expressed by their most noted statesmen and writers. It seemed to me that such a book could not fail to be favorably received by both teachers and students in this country.

Moreover, as an educator and a consistent and enthusiastic worker for the establishment of closer social and educational relations between the Americas, it seemed to me that the eagerness with which the American youth is taking up the study of Spanish affords the best possible opportunity for inserting the "entering wedge," as it were, of that sympathetic understanding which will eventually break down the barrier which has hitherto kept the independent peoples of this continent apart from each other, despite the progress in science, art and education.

But a knowledge of Spanish alone will not conduce toward the realization of the Pan-American ideal, either

in the material or moral sense, unless that knowledge is used as the touchstone toward that deeper and more vital understanding of the social status, ideals and aspirations of "the other Americans."

The usual text-book in Spanish dwells upon the achievements, character and ideals of the Spanish nation and it reveals to the student a wonderful people and a marvelous field of human activity. But it completely ignores the increasingly complex and important phenomena, both social and political, which are being developed in the Hispanic section of the New World, phenomena which are in many ways more akin to those of this country than to those of Spain.

Here in the New World, new environments and new conditions have given rise to new ways of living and have created a long series of new activities and institutions, with corresponding modifications in the language of the people, all of which are entitled to a place in the reading matter of the American student of Spanish and claim their rightful share of his attention. It seems to me that a knowledge of the New World's contribution to the original Spanish racial inheritance should be of peculiar interest and value to the student of Spanish in the United States, as it will reveal many of the same agencies which have modified the original inheritance of the first settlers in his own country and directed their evolution. He will find in the continent to the south of him geographical con

ditions which almost exactly duplicate those in the northern; he will find the same lack of hampering tradition and the same free play of individual effort and opportunity; the same boundless expanse of territory and the same generous breadth of horizon. He will find also the same problems in education, immigration, naturalization, racial amalgamation and government, and a literature which cannot fail to thrill him with a keen sense of relationship to his Latin-American cousins.

Even to understand Spain, Spanish America must be taken into account, since, to paraphrase the words of a well-known English poet, "They little know Hispania, who only España know," and certainly no consideration of Spanish literature can afford to ignore the action and reaction, the play and interplay of thought and feeling which, finding their earlier expression largely in belligerent verse, have gradually mellowed into the noble and tender sentiment of friendship and unity of spirit which to-day permeates the literature of both the mother land and that of her independent daughters in the New World. To-day the mother land sends her millions to the free countries of the New World where, far from being compelled to abandon their cherished ideals, they are encouraged to expand them to undreamed-of horizons where the romantic soul of Spain finds its long-sought-for opportunity.

To understand rightfully the present renaissance in Spain as revealed in the almost unprecedented prosperity

of her rural population, the multiplying of schools and libraries endowed in many instances by unknown "hands across the sea," the American student of Spanish must take into account the transcendental symbiosis through the agency of which lethargic Spain is being quickened and vitalized by her former colonies. He must perceive and appreciate that the Spanish world as a whole is again expanding, and that there is no part of its complex and diverse whole which has not made its specific contribution toward that beneficent achievement. He must realize that no study of the language common to all these parts is complete, therefore, which fails to keep in full view the complete background.

Three unusual features should commend this Spanish American Reader to the attention of the teacher of Spanish. First, the wide range in style and subject matter, combined with the dominantly idiomatic form of expression, enlivened by the dialogue in which a large part of the text matter is written. Such living forms of expression, embodied as they are in subjects closely related to Spanish American activities and conditions of to-day, afford the most practical kind of material for everyday use. Second, the opportunity this book offers for oral and written exercises by substituting the numerous "Variants" - a practically new and important feature—in the footnotes for the original expressions in the text. Third, the very considerable mass of

first-hand information bearing directly upon subjects of the greatest interest to students in the United States, and the opportunity they afford for the discussion of Spanish American topics.

I cannot close this foreword without acknowledging my indebtedness to the Pan-American Union for exact data and information; to the New York Public Library and the Hispanic Society of America for the facilities afforded in the copying of excerpts; to Las Novedades for permission to reprint certain text matter; to Dr. Homero Serís for his assistance in collecting Spanish Americanisms; and, last but certainly not least, to the Spanish Department of D. C. Heath & Co., the publishers, for valuable suggestions and assistance in planning the book and in the preparation of the manuscript.

NEW YORK, September 7, 1916.

ERNESTO NELSON