Asia, Africa, and America respectively, as the said Lords, the King and the States respectively hold and possess, comprehending therein particularly the places and forts which the Portuguese have taken from the Lords and States since the year 1641, as also the forts and places which the said Lords and States shall chance to acquire and possess after this, without infraction of the present Treaty. And the Directors of the East and West India Companies of the United Provinces, as also the servants and officers high and low, the soldiers and seamen actually in the service of either of the said Companies, or such as have been in their service, as also such who in this country, or within the district of the said two Companies, continue yet out of the service, but who may be employed afterwards, shall be and remain to be free and unmolested in all the countries under the obedience of the said Lord the King in Europe, and may sail, traffic and resort, like all the other inhabitants of the countries of the said Lords and States. Moreover, it has been agreed and stipulated, that the Spaniards shall keep their navigation to the East Indies, in the same manner they hold it at present, without being at liberty to go further, and the inhabitants of these Low Countries shall not frequent the places which the Castilians have in the East Indies.

VI. And as to the West Indies, the subjects and inhabitants of the Kingdoms, Provinces, and Lands of the said Lords, the King and States respectively, shall forbear sailing to, and trading in any of the harbours, places, forts, lodgments or castles, and all others possessed by the one or the other Party, viz. the subjects of the said Lord the King shall not sail to, or trade in those held and possessed by the said Lords and States, nor the subjects of the said Lords and States sail to or trade in those held and possessed by the said Lord the King. And among the places held by the said Lords the States, shall be comprehended the places in Brazil, which the Portuguese took out of the hands of the States, and have been in possession of ever since the year 1641, as also all the other places which they possess at present, so long as they shall continue in the hands of the said Portuguese, any think contained in the preceding Article notwithstanding.

VIII. The subjects and inhabitants of the countries of the aforesaid Lords, the King and the States trading to one another's

countries, shall not be obliged to pay greater duties and imposts, than the respective subjects natives of the countries; so that the inhabitants and subjects of the United Low Countries shall be and remain to be exempted from certain duties of twenty per cent. or from such lesser, greater, or any other duty as the said Lord the King has raised and imposed during the twelve years truce, or should endeavour or be inclined to raise or impose afterwards, directly or indirectly, upon the inhabitants and subjects of the United Low Countries, or lay upon them over and above what He does upon His own subjects.

IX. The said Lords, the King and States, shall not raise, without their respective limits, any duties or gables for entry, parting, or any other account, upon the commodities in their carriage, either by land or water.

X. The subjects of the said Lords, the King and the States, shall respectively in one another's countries enjoy the ancient privilege of the customs, whereof they have been in peaceable possession before the commencement of the war.

XI. Society, conversation, and commerce among the respective subjects shall not be hindered, and if any hindrances or impediments happen, they shall be really and effectually removed.

XIII. The white boiled salt coming from the United Provinces into those of His said Majesty, shall be there received and admitted, without being charged with higher duties than bay-salt, and the salt of the Provinces of His said Majesty shall likewise be admitted and received in those of the said Lords and States, and shall there be sold, without being charged with a higher duty than the salt of the said Lords the States.

XVII. The subjects and inhabitants of the countries of the said Lords and States, shall also have the same security and freedom in the countries of the said Lord the King, that has been granted to the subjects of the King of Great Britain by the last Treaty of Peace, and Secret Articles made with the Constable of Castile.

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XVIII. The said Lord the King shall make, on the first opportunity, all necessary provision, that honourable places may appointed for the interment of the bodies of such subjects of the

Lords the States, as shall happen to die in any place under the obedience of the said Lord the King.

XIX. The subjects and inhabitants of the countries of the said Lord the King coming into the countries and lands of the said Lords the States, shall be obliged, with regard to the public exercise of religion, to govern and behave themselves with all modesty, without giving any scandal in word or deed, or uttering any blasphemies: and the same shall be done and observed by the subjects and inhabitants of the countries of the said Lords the States, coming into the lands of the said Lord the King.

XX. The merchants, masters of ships, pilots, seamen, their ships, merchandizes, commodities, and other goods belonging to them, may not be seized and arrested, either by virtue of any general or particular commission, or for any other cause whatsoever, nor upon the account of war or otherwise, nor even under pretext of employing them for the preservation and defence of the country. However, we do not here mean to comprehend the seizures and arrests of justice in the ordinary methods upon account of debts, proper obligations and valid contracts of those upon whom such seizures shall have been made; in which case actions and suits shall be carried on according to right and reason.

XXI. Certain judges shall be appointed on both sides in equal number, in form of the Chambre Mipartie, who shall sit in the Low Countries, and in such other places as shall be found convenient and proper, and that every where, sometimes under the obedience of the one, and sometimes of the other, according as shall be agreed by mutual consent; which judges appointed on both sides, shall (conformably to the commission and instruction that shall be given them, and upon which they shall make oath according to a certain form to be settled on both sides for that effect) have regard to the negociations of the inhabitants of the said Provinces of the Low Countries, and to the burdens and duties which of both sides shall be laid upon merchandizes: and if the said judges perceive that any excesses are committed on either side, or of both sides, they shall regulate and moderate the said excesses.

Moreover, the said judges shall examine into disputes touching

:

a failure in the execution of the Treaty, and the contraventions thereof, which from time to time may happen in the Countries on this side, as also in the distant Kingdoms, Countries, Provinces, and Islands of Europe; and shall summarily and fully determine therein, and decide as they see agreeable and conformable to the Treaty the sentences and determinations of which judges shall be executed by the ordinary judges of the place where contravention shall have been committed, upon the persons of the contraveners, according as occasion and circumstances shall require : nor must the said ordinary judges neglect to do the said execution, or suffer it to be neglected, but repair the contraventions within the space of six months after they the said ordinary judges shall have been hereto required.

XXII. And if any sentences or judgments should pass upon the person of any of either Party, whether in a civil or criminal matter, they must not be put in execution against the persons of the condemned, nor against their goods. Nor shall any letters of mark or reprisal be granted, but upon cognizances of the cause, and in cases allowed by the imperial laws and constitutions according to the order by them established.

XXIII. It shall not be lawful to come ashore, enter, or stop at the ports, harbours, shallows, or roads of one another, with men of war and soldiers, in such number as may cause suspicion, without the leave and permission of Him to whom the said ports and harbours, shallows and roads, belong, unless they are forced in by storm, or obliged thereto through necessity, or to avoid the dangers of the sea.

XXX. The subjects and inhabitants of the United Low Countries may, every where in the lands under the obedience of the said Lord the King, employ such advocates, procurators, notaries, solicitors and agents as they shall think proper, whereto they shail be appointed by the ordinary judges, when it shall be needful, and the said judges shall be required. And on the other hand, the inhabitants and subjects of the said Lord the King coming into the countries of the said Lords the States shall have the same assistance.

LXII. The subjects and inhabitants of the Countries of the said Lords the King and the States, of whatever quality or con

dition they be, are declared capable of succeeding to one another, as well without as with a will, according to the customs of the places; and if any successions of legacies have formerly fallen to any of them, they shall be maintained and preserved in their right

thereto.

LXXV. And to the end that the present Treaty may be the better observed, the said Lord the King and the States respectively promise to use their endeavours, and employ their power, each in his place, to render the passages free, and the seas and rivers navigable and secure from all incursions of pirates, corsairs, and robbers; and, if they can catch them, to chastise them with rigour.

Done at Munster, in Westphalia, 30th January, 1648.

A PARTICULAR ARTICLE concerning Navigation and Commerce. Concluded at Munster, the 4th day of February, 1648.

The subjects and inhabitants of the United Provinces may sail and trade with all freedom and safety, in all the Kingdoms, States, and Countries which are or shall be in amity or neutrality with the States of the United Provinces; and they may not be disquieted or molested in their navigation and traffic aforesaid, upon the account of hostilities which happen, or may happen afterwards, between the said Lord the King of Spain, and the aforesaid Kingdoms, Countries, States, or any of them that may be in amity or neutrality with the said Lords the States as above; yet without permission to carry to the declared enemies of the said Lord the King, prohibited or contraband goods or merchandises. And in order to prevent this, and that the course of commerce may not be interrupted, they shall be obliged, when they enter into any harbours of the said Lord the King, with a design to go from thence to the harbours of the enemy, to shew their passports, containing the particulars of their loading, attested and marked with the ordinary mark, and approved by the officers of the Admiralty of that quarter from whence they part; but they must not over and above be visited or searched, and far less detained under any pretext whatsoever as also when they are in